{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1779188828872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human provocation models are widely used to investigate migraine mechanisms and validate therapeutic targets. Despite well-known sex differences in migraine, concerns persist regarding sex representation and reporting in experimental research. This systematic review evaluated sex distribution, sex-specific analyses, and the consideration of female-specific biological factors in randomized, placebo-controlled migraine provocation studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for randomized, placebo-controlled provocation studies in adults with migraine, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data were extracted on participant sex distribution, sex-stratified outcome reporting, and consideration of female-specific variables, including menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, and pregnancy status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-eight studies published between 1972 and 2025 were included. Women represented 82% of participants, while men accounted for 18%. No study performed sex-stratified analyses of provoked headache or migraine outcomes. Sex was rarely discussed as a biological variable or limitation. Female-specific factors were largely overlooked, with menstrual cycle phase unreported in over 90% of studies and inconsistent reporting of hormonal contraception and pregnancy status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine provocation studies show marked sex imbalance and a systematic lack of sex-disaggregated analyses. Although these models have demonstrated substantial translational relevance, particularly in supporting the development of anti-CGRP therapies, the absence of sex-disaggregated analyses and limited consideration of biological sex constrain the assessment of translational applicability across sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024261425258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:30:53Z","timestamp":1773225053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Where are the men? 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