{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:53:22Z","timestamp":1781852002143,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Current Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Current Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project MNESYS-PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project MNESYS-PE0000006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosing headache in children and adolescents is challenging because clinical features vary with age, primary and secondary forms may overlap and the use of investigations is often inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on headache diagnosis in individuals aged 1\u201318 years (2018\u20132025). Of 126 records identified, 36 met eligibility criteria and were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies indicate that ICHD-3 criteria, developed mainly in adults, may not fully reflect paediatric presentations, contributing to diagnostic uncertainty. Evidence clarifies the value of some red flags while challenging others. Neuroimaging demonstrates low diagnostic yield except in selected cases. Common pitfalls include overdiagnosis of sinusitis, inappropriate EEG use and unnecessary ophthalmologic or allergologic testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate diagnosis relies on careful history taking, recognition of age-specific patterns and judicious use of investigations. Paediatric-focused diagnostic pathways are needed. Emerging digital tools and biomarkers may support earlier and more precise diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024261447378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:54:31Z","timestamp":1781614471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond ICHD-3 criteria: Diagnostic challenges in headache in pediatric age"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Papetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0103-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tor Vergata University of Rome"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4763-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Ursitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS"},{"name":"Tor Vergata University of Rome"},{"name":"Aalborg University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03793.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01541-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416660533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0480-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231164361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"09","article-title":"Experts\u2019 opinion about the primary headache diagnostic criteria of the ICHD-3rd edition beta in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"\u00d6zge A","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d6zge A, Faedda N, Abu-Arafeh I, et al. 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