{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:21:24Z","timestamp":1788225684414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explored the role of air travel in the spread of infectious diseases, specifically severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1, Ebola, and pneumonic plague. Air travel provides the means for such diseases to spread internationally at extraordinary rates because infected passengers jump from coast to coast and continent to continent within hours. Outbreaks of diseases that spread from person to person test the effectiveness of current public health responses. This research used a mixed methods approach, including use of the Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler, to model the spread of diseases, evaluate the impact of air travel on disease spread, and analyze the effectiveness of different public health strategies and travel policies. Modeling showed that the spread of Ebola and pneumonic plague is minimal and should not be a major air travel concern if an individual becomes infected. H1N1 and SARS have higher infection rates and air travel will facilitate the spread of disease nationally and internationally. To contain the spread of infectious diseases, aviation and public health authorities should establish tailored preventive measures at airports, capture contact information for ticketed passengers, expand the definition of \u201cclose contact,\u201d and conduct widespread educational programs. The measures will put in place a foundation for containing the spread of infectious diseases via air travel and minimize the panic and economic consequences that may occur during an outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118799709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T03:14:39Z","timestamp":1539573279000},"page":"93-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Germs on a Plane: The Transmission and Risks of Airplane-Borne Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2672","author":[{"given":"Nereyda L.","family":"Sevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.9-3-247"},{"key":"bibr2-0361198118799709","unstructured":"OpenFlights.org. Airport, Airline and Route Data. http:\/\/openflights.org\/data.html. Accessed June 2017."},{"key":"bibr3-0361198118799709","unstructured":"Sevilla N. Open Source Disease Modeling: A Tool to Combat the Next Pandemic. Global Biodefense, 2016. https:\/\/globalbiodefense.com\/2016\/01\/28\/open-source-disease-modeling-a-tool-to-combat-the-next-pandemic\/. Accessed June 2017."},{"key":"bibr4-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Renewal of Public Health in Canada: Learning from SARS","author":"National Advisory Committee","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr5-0361198118799709","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. H1N1 Flu. CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April\u2013October 17, 2009. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/estimates\/April_October_17.htm. Accessed June 2017."},{"key":"bibr6-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook","year":"2011","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr7-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022151"},{"key":"bibr8-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004403"},{"key":"bibr9-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/22512"},{"key":"bibr10-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2360.2009"},{"key":"bibr11-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Presented at 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board","author":"Ong R.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr12-0361198118799709","first-page":"168","volume":"75","author":"Rydock J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr13-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71089-8"},{"key":"bibr14-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030212"},{"key":"bibr15-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.42.20936"},{"key":"bibr16-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Infection Prevention and Control Measures for Ebola Virus Disease: Entry and Exit Body Temperature Screening Measures","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr17-0361198118799709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2003.2676"},{"key":"bibr18-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Effective Media Communications during Public Health Emergencies","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr19-0361198118799709","volume-title":"Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198118799709","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0361198118799709","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198118799709","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:06:18Z","timestamp":1777665978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0361198118799709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0361198118799709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198118799709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]}}}