{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:03:11Z","timestamp":1793977391546,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The New York City metropolitan area was hard hit by COVID-19, and the pandemic brought with it unprecedented challenges for New York City Transit. This paper addresses the techniques used to estimate dramatically changing ridership, at a time when previously dependable sources suddenly became unavailable (e.g., local bus payment data, manual field checks). The paper describes alterations to ridership models, as well as the expanding use of automated passenger counters, including validation of new technology and scaling to account for partial data availability. The paper then examines the trends in subway and bus ridership. Peak periods shifted by both time of day and relative intensity compared with the rest of the day, but not in the same way on weekdays and weekends. On average, trip distances became longer for subway and local bus routes, but overall average bus trip distances decreased owing to a drop in express bus usage. Subway ridership changes were compared with neighborhood demographic statistics and numerous correlations were identified, including with employment, income, and race and ethnicity. Other factors, such as the presence of hospitals, were not found to be significant. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211028860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T07:03:51Z","timestamp":1631171031000},"page":"51-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Examination of New York City Transit\u2019s Bus and Subway Ridership Trends During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2677","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6079-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1394-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darian","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timon","family":"Stasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Research and Development, Operations Planning, New York City Transit Authority, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03611981211028860","unstructured":"Francescani C. Timeline: The First 100\u2009Days of New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo\u2019s COVID-19 Response. ABC News. Updated June 17, 2020. https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/News\/timeline-100-days-york-gov-andrew-cuomos-covid\/story?id=71292880. Accessed July 22, 2020."},{"key":"bibr2-03611981211028860","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. U.S. and World Population Clock, 2020. Census.gov\/popclock\/. Accessed July 22, 2020."},{"key":"bibr3-03611981211028860","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.28.20115949"},{"key":"bibr4-03611981211028860","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.02.20120790"},{"key":"bibr5-03611981211028860","unstructured":"Gottehrer-Cohen Z. Interactive Map Shows Which Parts of NYC Are Relying on the Subway Most During Coronavirus. Gothamist. Updated May 5, 2020. https:\/\/gothamist.com\/news\/interactive-map-shows-which-parts-nyc-are-relying-subway-most-during-coronavirus. Accessed July 22, 2020."},{"key":"bibr6-03611981211028860","unstructured":"Bliss L., Lin J., Patino M. Pandemic Travel Patterns Hint at Our Urban Future. Bloomberg CityLab. Updated June 18, 2020. https:\/\/bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2020-coronavirus-transportation-data-cities-traffic-mobility. Accessed July 28, 2020."},{"key":"bibr7-03611981211028860","unstructured":"TransitCenter. Mapping Route-By-Route Who\u2019s Riding Transit During the Pandemic. TransitCenter. Updated July 15, 2020. https:\/\/transitcenter.org\/mapping-route-by-route-whos-riding-transit-during-the-pandemic\/. Accessed July 28, 2020."},{"key":"bibr8-03611981211028860","unstructured":"TransitCenter. Tailoring Transit Service for Essential Workers is a Matter of Racial Justice. TransitCenter. Updated April 16, 2020. https:\/\/transitcenter.org\/tailoring-transit-service-for-essential-workers-is-a-matter-of-racial-justice\/. Accessed July 28, 2020."},{"key":"bibr9-03611981211028860","unstructured":"Quealy K. The Richest Neighborhoods Emptied Out Most as Coronavirus Hit New York City. New York Times. Updated May 15, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/05\/15\/upshot\/who-left-new-york-coronavirus.html. 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