{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1780107353410,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The spread of COVID-19 has been a major disruptive force in people\u2019s everyday lives and mobility behavior. The demand for on-demand ride services, such as taxis and ridehailing, has been specifically affected given both restrictions in service operations and users\u2019 concerns about virus transmission in shared vehicles. In the early months of the pandemic, demand for these modes decreased by as much as 80%. This study examines intentions to use on-demand ride services in the early lockdown stage of the pandemic in the United States, a period of unprecedented mobility reductions, changing household routines and transforming travel behaviors. Using data from a survey disseminated in June 2020 to 700 U.S. respondents, we use multigroup MIMIC (Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause) models to investigate the stated shift in intentions to use on-demand modes of travel. By using group-based segmentation we control for variation in ridership intentions according to personal, household, attitudinal factors, and pandemic experiences. The results point to a reduction across the board in the likelihood of using on-demand mobility associated with a significant COVID-19 effect. Beyond this general decrease, several groups are found to have more positive intentions, including younger adults, urban residents, graduate-degree holders, and people of Hispanic, Latino, Asian, and Pacific Islander ethnicities\/races. The attitudinal effect of \u201ctech-savviness\u201d drives higher user intentions, revealing indirect effects of gender, education, and age. Multigroup analysis provides further evidence of potential COVID-triggered shifts in on-demand ridership intentions. The most significant drops in likelihood are observed for younger respondents (below 45), Black compared with all other racial\/ethnic status, and for past users of on-demand mobility. This latter result is somewhat surprising, as riders who are younger and more experienced with on-demand travel are more likely to have been users in the past, but also more likely to reduce use during the pandemic. To conclude, we discuss the need to investigate pandemic experiences, risk attitudes, and circumstances to understand evolving mobility behavior and specific service model impacts. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221147520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T11:41:17Z","timestamp":1675856477000},"page":"704-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Shifting Mobility Behaviors in Unprecedented Times: A Multigroup MIMIC Model Investigating Intentions to Use On-Demand Ride Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2677","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Stathopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1770487"},{"key":"bibr2-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10070-2"},{"key":"bibr3-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815167-9.00013-X"},{"key":"bibr4-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2021.1885769"},{"key":"bibr5-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161002"},{"key":"bibr6-03611981221147520","author":"Jiang J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Pew Research Center"},{"key":"bibr7-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/23578"},{"key":"bibr8-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611675114"},{"key":"bibr9-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2018.1497728"},{"key":"bibr10-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.12.016"},{"key":"bibr11-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118821903"},{"key":"bibr12-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.05.037"},{"key":"bibr13-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.10.004"},{"key":"bibr14-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4229042"},{"key":"bibr15-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119835511"},{"key":"bibr16-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2019.07.008"},{"key":"bibr17-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Clewlow R. R., Mishra G. S. Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States. Research Report UCD-ITS-RR-17-07. University of California, Davis, Institute of Transportation Studies, Davis, 2017."},{"key":"bibr18-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau2670"},{"key":"bibr19-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2018-0151"},{"key":"bibr20-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10081-4"},{"key":"bibr21-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102629"},{"key":"bibr22-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10110-2"},{"key":"bibr23-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102906"},{"key":"bibr24-03611981221147520","author":"Duarte L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"WGN"},{"key":"bibr25-03611981221147520","author":"Higgins T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"bibr26-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100242"},{"key":"bibr27-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.01.009"},{"key":"bibr28-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.25.20219105"},{"key":"bibr29-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100333"},{"key":"bibr30-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242476"},{"key":"bibr31-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1539146"},{"key":"bibr32-03611981221147520","author":"Bosman J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"bibr33-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. New Data Allows an Initial Look at Ride Hailing in Chicago. 2019. https:\/\/www.cmap.illinois.gov\/updates\/all\/-\/asset_publisher\/UIMfSLnFfMB6\/content\/new-data-allows-an-initial-look-at-ride-hailing-in-chicago"},{"key":"bibr34-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9797-8"},{"key":"bibr35-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2018.06.002"},{"key":"bibr36-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.09.003"},{"key":"bibr37-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120929338"},{"key":"bibr38-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2018.08.003"},{"key":"bibr39-03611981221147520","first-page":"1","volume":"2020","author":"Azimi G.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"bibr40-03611981221147520","author":"Brown A. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"UCLA"},{"key":"bibr41-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2019.1603761"},{"key":"bibr42-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.03.015"},{"key":"bibr43-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102816"},{"key":"bibr44-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2018.09.003"},{"key":"bibr45-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9916-1"},{"key":"bibr46-03611981221147520","unstructured":"California Air Resources Board. Sb 1014. Clean Miles Standard: 2018 Base-Year Emissions Inventory Report. 2019. https:\/\/ww2.arb.ca.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-12\/SB%201014%20-%20Base%20year%20Emissions%20Inventory_December_2019.pdf"},{"key":"bibr47-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.030"},{"key":"bibr48-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103148"},{"key":"bibr49-03611981221147520","author":"Soria J.","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Geography"},{"key":"bibr50-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102638"},{"key":"bibr51-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.09.008"},{"key":"bibr52-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2650-10"},{"key":"bibr53-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.08.014"},{"key":"bibr54-03611981221147520","author":"Glanz J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"bibr55-03611981221147520","author":"Verma P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"bibr56-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.001"},{"key":"bibr57-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jum.2020.08.002"},{"key":"bibr58-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Travel in the US. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/travelers\/travel-in-the-us.html. Accessed July 28, 2020."},{"key":"bibr59-03611981221147520","author":"Bond S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPR"},{"key":"bibr60-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100216"},{"key":"bibr61-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Katsz J., Sanger-Katz M., Quealy K. A Detailed Map of who is Wearing a Mask in the U.S. The New York Times, 2020."},{"key":"bibr62-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00977-7"},{"key":"bibr63-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249596"},{"key":"bibr64-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jors.12527"},{"key":"bibr65-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-021-00476-4"},{"key":"bibr66-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Loa P., Hossain S., Liu Y., Mashrur S. M., Habib K. N. How has COVID-19 Impacted Ride-Sourcing Use in the Greater Toronto Area? UTTRI Research Report. University of Toronto, 2020. https:\/\/uttri.utoronto.ca\/files\/2020\/12\/UTTRI-Report-How-has-COVID19-Impacted-Ridesourcing-Loa-2020-1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr67-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2017.12.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr68-03611981221147520","first-page":"103","volume":"14","author":"Schaurer I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Survey Research Methods"},{"key":"bibr69-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw060"},{"key":"bibr70-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.009"},{"key":"bibr71-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2015.29"},{"key":"bibr72-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2016.1269304"},{"key":"bibr73-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2162-6359.1000403"},{"key":"bibr74-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.02.004"},{"key":"bibr75-03611981221147520","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Advances in Transport Policy and Planning","volume":"1","author":"Circella G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr76-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10086-z"},{"key":"bibr77-03611981221147520","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. ACS 5-Year Estimates. 2019. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/mdat\/#\/search?ds=ACSPUMS5Y2019."},{"key":"bibr78-03611981221147520","volume-title":"Political Independents: Who they are, What they Think","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr79-03611981221147520","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Heen M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Center for Crime and Justice Policy"},{"key":"bibr80-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29115\/SP-2020-0015"},{"key":"bibr81-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168015604648"},{"key":"bibr82-03611981221147520","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2019 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars), 2019 5-Year Estimates. 2020. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table?q=income&y=2019&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1901"},{"key":"bibr83-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"bibr84-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Lau A., Mercer A., Hatley N. Pewmethods: Pew Research Center Methods Miscellaneous Functions. 2022. https:\/\/github.com\/pewresearch\/pewmethods."},{"key":"bibr85-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.11.025"},{"key":"bibr86-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9921-4"},{"key":"bibr87-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.10.005"},{"key":"bibr88-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000347"},{"key":"bibr89-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511845062"},{"key":"bibr90-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"bibr91-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2333\/bhmk.29.81"},{"key":"bibr92-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Said M. Modeling Satisfaction With the Walking Environment: The Case of an Urban University Neighborhood in a Developing Country. Thesis. American University of Beirut, Lebanon, 2015."},{"key":"bibr93-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Porter J. The Curb App Lets you Flag a Cab With the Ease of a Ride-Hailing Trip. 2018. https:\/\/chi.streetsblog.org\/2018\/04\/09\/the-curb-app-lets-you-flag-a-cab-with-the-ease-of-a-ride-hailing-trip\/. Accessed February 14, 2022."},{"key":"bibr94-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"bibr95-03611981221147520","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr96-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"bibr97-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr98-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410610904"},{"key":"bibr99-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"bibr100-03611981221147520","unstructured":"Soria J., Edward D., Stathopoulos A. Decision Tree Modeling of RTA Lapsed Ridership [Unpublished Manuscript]. Northwestern University, 2022."},{"key":"bibr101-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203497111"},{"key":"bibr102-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119859302"},{"key":"bibr103-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc3054"},{"key":"bibr104-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.08.009"},{"key":"bibr105-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.06.20055632"},{"key":"bibr106-03611981221147520","volume-title":"Republicans Far Less Likely to See COVID-19 as Major Threat to Public Health","author":"Tyson A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr107-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100352"},{"key":"bibr108-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007835117"},{"key":"bibr109-03611981221147520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.043"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03611981221147520","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03611981221147520","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03611981221147520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T14:21:39Z","timestamp":1740838899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03611981221147520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03611981221147520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03611981221147520","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}}}