{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:46:33Z","timestamp":1788068793363,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Closed soft tissue injury induces progressive microvascular dysfunction and regional inflammation. The authors tested the hypothesis that adverse trauma-induced effects can be reduced by local cooling. While superficial cooling reduces swelling, pain, and cellular oxygen demand, the effects of cryotherapy on posttraumatic microcirculation are incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After a standardized closed soft tissue injury to the left tibial compartment, male rats were randomly subjected to percutaneous perfusion for 6 hours with 0.9% NaCL (controls; room temperature) or cold NaCL (cryotherapy; 8\u00b0C) (n = 7 per group). Uninjured rats served as shams (n = 7). Microcirculatory changes and leukocyte adherence were determined by intravital microscopy. Intramuscular pressure was measured, and invasion of granulocytes and macrophages was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Edema and tissue damage was quantified by gravimetry and decreased desmin staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Closed soft tissue injury significantly decreased functional capillary density (240 \u00b1 12 cm-1); increased microvascular permeability (0.75 \u00b1 0.03), endothelial leukocyte adherence (995 \u00b1 77\/cm2), granulocyte (182.0 \u00b1 25.5\/mm2) and macrophage infiltration, edema formation, and myonecrosis (ratio: 2.95 \u00b1 0.45) within the left extensor digitorum longus muscle. Cryotherapy for 6 hours significantly restored diminished functional capillary density (393 \u00b1 35), markedly decreased elevated intramuscular pressure, reduced the number of adhering (462 \u00b1 188\/cm2) and invading granulocytes (119 \u00b1 28), and attenuated tissue damage (ratio: 1.7 \u00b1 0.17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hypothesis that prolonged cooling reduces posttraumatic microvascular dysfunction, inflammation, and structural impairment was confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results may have therapeutic implications as cryotherapy after closed soft tissue injury is a valuable therapeutic approach to improve nutritive perfusion and attenuate leukocyte-mediated tissue destruction. The risk for evolving compartment syndrome may be reduced, thereby preventing further irreversible aggravation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]],"date-time":"2006-12-29T14:44:12Z","timestamp":1167403452000},"page":"93-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Prolonged Superficial Local Cryotherapy Attenuates Microcirculatory Impairment, Regional Inflammation, and Muscle Necrosis after Closed Soft Tissue Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Klaus-Dieter","family":"Schaser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Disch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Lauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman J.","family":"Bail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Muskuloskeletal 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