{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:07:10Z","timestamp":1787018830213,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]],"date-time":"2007-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The curveball has been anecdotally considered as a dangerous pitch among youth pitchers, especially for their ulnar collateral ligaments. No biomechanical studies have been conducted among youth pitchers comparing different types of pitches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The kinetics of the baseball throw varies significantly between the fastball, curveball, and change-up for youth pitchers. Kinematic and temporal differences are also expected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine youth baseball pitchers (age, 12.5 \u00b1 1.7 years) pitched 5 fastballs, 5 curveballs, and 5 change-ups with maximum effort in an indoor laboratory setting. Data were collected with a 3-dimensional motion analysis system. Kinetic, kinematic, and temporal parameters were compared among the 3 pitches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For elbow varus torque, shoulder internal rotation torque, elbow proximal force, and shoulder proximal force, the fastball produced the greatest values, followed by the curveball and then the change-up. The fastball also produced the greatest elbow flexion torque. Shoulder horizontal adduction torque and shoulder adduction torque were the least for the change-up. Several differences in body segment position, velocity, and timing were also found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In general, elbow and shoulder loads were the greatest in the fastball and least in the change-up. Kinematic and temporal differences were also found among the 3 pitch types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The curveball may not be more potentially harmful than the fastball for youth pitchers. This finding is consistent with recent epidemiologic research indicating that amount of pitching is a stronger risk factor than type of pitches thrown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507310074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]],"date-time":"2007-11-30T21:10:07Z","timestamp":1196457007000},"page":"686-692","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["A Biomechanical Comparison of Youth Baseball Pitches"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Shouchen","family":"Dun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Loftice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn S.","family":"Fleisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546507310074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600104"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546507310074","unstructured":"AndrewsJR ReisigGS. 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