{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:07:27Z","timestamp":1777388847569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,29]],"date-time":"2008-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolotherapy is an alternative therapy for chronic musculoskeletal injury including joint laxity. The commonly used injectant, D-glucose (dextrose), is hypothesized to improve ligament mechanics and decrease pain through an inflammatory mechanism. No study has investigated the mechanical effects of prolotherapy on stretch-injured ligaments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypotheses<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dextrose injections will enlarge cross-sectional area, decrease laxity, strengthen, and stiffen stretch-injured medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) compared with controls. Dextrose prolotherapy will increase collagen fibril diameter and density of stretch-injured MCLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four rats were bilaterally MCL stretch-injured, and the induced laxity was measured. After 2 weeks, 32 MCLs Were injected twice, 1 week apart, with either dextrose or saline control; 16 MCLs received no injection. Seven uninjured rats (14 MCLs) were additional controls. Two weeks after the second injection, ligament laxity, mechanical properties (n = 8), and collagen fibril diameter and density (n = 3) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The injury model created consistent ligament laxity ( P &lt; .05) that was not altered by dextrose injections. Cross-sectional area of dextrose-injected MCLs was increased 30% and 90% compared with saline and uninjured controls, respectively ( P &lt; .05). Collagen fibril diameter and density were decreased in injured ligaments compared with uninjured controls ( P &lt; .05), but collagen fibril characteristics were not different between injured groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dextrose injections increased the cross-sectional area of MCLs compared with saline-injected and uninjured controls. Dextrose injections did not alter other measured properties in this model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that clinical improvement from prolotherapy may not result from direct effects on ligament biomechanics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,29]],"date-time":"2008-02-29T21:12:08Z","timestamp":1204319528000},"page":"1347-1357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Response of Knee Ligaments to Prolotherapy in a Rat Injury Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kristina T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of 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