{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:06:34Z","timestamp":1777388794336,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]],"date-time":"2008-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chondrolysis initiated by postoperative, intra-articular pain pumps has recently been described by multiple institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the in vitro chondrotoxicity of anesthetic formulations commonly used in pain pumps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Freshly isolated human articular chondrocytes were cultured for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour trials in a custom bioreactor that mimics the metabolism of synovial fluid. Chondrocytes were perfused in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium 10% fetal bovine serum and one of the following medications: 1 % lidocaine, 1 % lidocaine with epinephrine, 0.25% bupivacaine, 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine, 0.5% bupivacaine, or 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine. Static and perfusion cultures with growth media were used as controls. All experiments were run in duplicate. Live\/dead staining was performed, and the ratio of dead: Live cells was assessed by fluorescent microscopy and histomorphometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significantly more chondrocyte necrosis was found in all cultures with medications containing epinephrine ( P &lt; .05) at all time points. Similar necrosis rates were exhibited in 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine compared with controls at 24 and 48 hours. However, 0.5% bupivacaine produced significantly more cell death at 72 hours. Similar necrosis rates were exhibited with 1 % lidocaine compared to controls at 24 hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this in vitro model, 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine caused minimal chondrocyte necrosis when used in pain pumps for a maximum of 48 hours. All anesthetics containing epinephrine (pH \ue425 4) were chondrotoxic and cannot be advocated for pain pump use. The use of 0.5% bupivacaine for greater than 48 hours is not recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study may help improve the safety of intra-articular pain pump use by examining the effects of local anesthetics on chondrocyte viability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508318190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]],"date-time":"2008-07-24T15:44:45Z","timestamp":1216914285000},"page":"1484-1488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["The Effect of Local Anesthetics Administered via Pain Pump on Chondrocyte Viability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Dragoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Korotkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Kanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.25976"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.05.006"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.06.006"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507304136"},{"key":"bibr5-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507304719"},{"key":"bibr6-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262176"},{"key":"bibr7-0363546508318190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.32311"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546508318190","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0363546508318190","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546508318190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1777369378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0363546508318190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0363546508318190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546508318190","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]]}}}