{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:00:18Z","timestamp":1792130418213,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,2]],"date-time":"2008-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high prevalence of throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain has been documented in adolescent baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pitchers with a history of throwing-related pain will have weakened dominant-arm posterior shoulder musculature and greater dominant-arm glenohumeral total range of motion (ROM) loss compared with pitchers without throwing-related pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three adolescent pitchers (age 15.7 \u00b11.4 years) were tested. Twelve pitchers had throwing-related pain in the prior season and were currently symptom-free, while the remaining 11 pitchers had no such history of pain. Internal and external rotation ROM and muscle strength (lower trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, internal rotators, external rotators) were measured bilaterally. Dominant versus nondominant differences in ROM and strength were compared between pitchers with and without throwing-related pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a whole, the group of 23 pitchers had a loss of internal rotation ROM (13\u00b0 \u00b1 10\u00b0, P &lt; .001) and gain in external rotation ROM (11\u00b0 \u00b1 10\u00b0, P &lt; .001) on the dominant versus nondominant arm, with no effect on total ROM (2\u00b0 \u00b1 7\u00b0 loss, P = .14). There was no difference in bilateral comparison of total ROM between pitchers with and without throwing-related pain. Dominant versus nondominant muscle strength was lower ( P &lt; .05) for the pain group versus nonpain group for the middle trapezius (7% \u00b1 19% vs 22% \u00b1 12%) and supraspinatus (\u22124% \u00b1 27% vs 14% \u00b1 14%) and higher (P &lt; .05) for the internal rotators (19% \u00b1 14% vs 6%\u00b112%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Throwing-related pain in this population may be due to the inability of weakened posterior shoulder musculature to tolerate stress imparted on it by adaptively strengthened propulsive muscles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selective posterior shoulder strengthening may be indicated in rehabilitative and injury prevention programs for adolescent pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508319049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,2]],"date-time":"2008-07-02T20:54:49Z","timestamp":1215032089000},"page":"2173-2178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Muscle Strength and Range of Motion in Adolescent Pitchers with Throwing-Related Pain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"James E.","family":"Trakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fortius Physical Therapy, New York, New York"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Solutions, Gloucester Township, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malachy P.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Caracciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Solutions, Gloucester Township, New 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