{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:06:58Z","timestamp":1793322418706,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308268800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Range of motion deficits in shoulder external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), total rotation range of motion (ER + IR), and horizontal adduction (HA) have been retrospectively associated with overhand athletes\u2019 arm injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Hypothesis: The authors expected the incidence of upper extremity injury in high school softball and baseball players with side-to-side shoulder range of motion deficits to be greater than the incidence of upper extremity injury in players with normal shoulder range of motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: High school softball and baseball players (N = 246) participated. Before the start of the season, passive shoulder ER, IR, and HA were assessed at 90\u00b0 of abduction with the scapula stabilized. Relative risk (RR) was calculated to examine range of motion measure, by categorical criteria, and risk of upper extremity injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Twenty-seven shoulder and elbow injuries (9 softball, 18 baseball) were observed during the season. The dominant shoulder of all injured players and baseball players displayed a significant decrease in HA ( P = .05) and IR ( P = .04). The dominant shoulder total rotation of injured baseball players displayed a significant decrease (mean difference = 8.0\u00b0 \u00b1 0.1\u00b0; P = .05) as compared with the dominant shoulder of uninjured baseball players. Players who displayed a decrease of \u226525\u00b0 of IR in the dominant shoulder were at 4 times greater risk of upper extremity injury compared with players with a &lt;25\u00b0 decrease in IR, especially for baseball players. While we observed a 1.5 to 2 times increased risk of injury for the 10\u00b0 to 20\u00b0 loss in rotational range of motion for the overall sample and baseball, the risk estimates were not statistically significant ( P &gt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: There are large mean deficits in shoulder IR and HA between injured and noninjured players, but not in ER or total rotation. Passive shoulder IR loss \u226525\u00b0 as compared bilaterally was predictive of arm injury. Shoulder range of motion deficits differed between sports and appeared more predictive of injury for baseball players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511408876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T22:48:25Z","timestamp":1308350905000},"page":"1997-2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":336,"title":["Shoulder Range of Motion Measures as Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Softball and Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Shanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Proaxis Therapy, Orthopedic Research Foundation of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Orthopaedic and Sports Science, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Michener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd S.","family":"Ellenbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Associates, Scottsdale Sports Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Craig","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Health Ben Hogan Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Thigpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proaxis Therapy, Orthopedic Research Foundation of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500504"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.76"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000180890.69932.15"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"bibr5-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00389-X"},{"key":"bibr6-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70300-8"},{"key":"bibr7-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2572"},{"key":"bibr8-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011701"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr9-0363546511408876","first-page":"183","volume":"42","author":"Dick R","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr10-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508326712"},{"key":"bibr11-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2000.30.9.544"},{"key":"bibr12-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310031801"},{"key":"bibr13-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.6.611"},{"key":"bibr14-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00028"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr15-0363546511408876","first-page":"824","volume":"87","author":"Grossman MG","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"bibr16-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065763"},{"key":"bibr17-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0961"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr18-0363546511408876","first-page":"375","volume":"41","author":"Laudner KG","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr19-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.11.007"},{"key":"bibr20-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506296736"},{"key":"bibr21-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00002"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr22-0363546511408876","first-page":"286","volume":"42","author":"Marshall SW","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr23-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199801000-00003"},{"key":"bibr24-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280022301"},{"key":"bibr25-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269936"},{"key":"bibr26-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70049-0"},{"key":"bibr27-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281804"},{"key":"bibr28-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181b544f6"},{"key":"bibr29-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507304142"},{"key":"bibr30-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.02.013"},{"key":"bibr31-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260021501"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr32-0363546511408876","first-page":"277","volume":"34","author":"Powell JW","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr33-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280031801"},{"key":"bibr34-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj022"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr35-0363546511408876","first-page":"486","volume":"42","author":"Rauh MJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr36-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200004000-00005"},{"key":"bibr37-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300030901"},{"key":"bibr38-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.2.197"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr39-0363546511408876","first-page":"352","volume":"142","author":"Rice SG","year":"1985","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"bibr40-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.05.006"},{"key":"bibr41-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.191"},{"key":"bibr42-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000251182.44206.3b"},{"key":"bibr43-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.648"},{"key":"bibr44-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.3.230"},{"key":"bibr45-0363546511408876","first-page":"78","volume":"7","author":"Tokish JM","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"bibr46-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509346050"},{"key":"bibr47-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280050801"},{"key":"bibr48-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1999.29.5.262"},{"key":"bibr49-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269253"},{"key":"bibr50-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281796"},{"key":"bibr51-0363546511408876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011201"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546511408876","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0363546511408876","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546511408876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:41:26Z","timestamp":1777369286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0363546511408876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0363546511408876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546511408876","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]]}}}