{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:23:31Z","timestamp":1791051811318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]],"date-time":"2012-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Baseball pitchers often have increased anterior glenohumeral (GH) laxity and posterior shoulder tightness due to large forces produced during the throwing motion. As such, many clinicians have hypothesized that a relationship exists between these common characteristics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A negative relationship will exist between anterior GH laxity and the summation of GH adduction range of motion (ROM) and GH internal rotation ROM asymmetry.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Study Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Anterior GH laxity, GH rotation ROM, and GH horizontal adduction ROM were measured in 58 asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers. Differences in GH internal rotation at 90\u00b0 of abduction were calculated between both shoulders. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the strength of the relationships between anterior GH laxity (dependent variable) and GH adduction ROM and GH internal rotation ROM asymmetry (independent variables) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A large portion of anterior GH laxity was predicted by the summation of GH adduction ROM and GH internal rotation ROM asymmetry (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = .45,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .001). Furthermore, increased anterior GH laxity had a significant relationship with both decreased GH horizontal adduction ROM (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .53,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .001) and differences in GH internal rotation ROM (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .43,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The results of this study suggest that decreased GH horizontal adduction and internal rotation ROM may be considered partial predictors for increased anterior GH laxity in the throwing arm of baseball players. Because of the association between these variables, clinicians may find it advantageous to address posterior shoulder tightness during the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of shoulder injuries associated with anterior GH laxity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512437522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,18]],"date-time":"2012-02-18T01:47:28Z","timestamp":1329529648000},"page":"1133-1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Anterior Glenohumeral Laxity Is Associated With Posterior Shoulder Tightness Among Professional Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Laudner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois"},{"name":"Texas Metroplex Institute for Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Arlington, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Metroplex Institute for Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Arlington, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bria","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Deter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504273490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.16.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Glenohumeral joint laxity and stiffness in the functional throwing position of high school baseball pitchers","volume":"41","author":"Crawford SD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crawford SD, Sauers EL. Glenohumeral joint laxity and stiffness in the functional throwing position of high school baseball pitchers. J Athl Train. 2006;41:52-59.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1996.23.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"824","article-title":"A cadaveric model of the throwing shoulder: a possible etiology of superior labrum anterior-to-posterior lesions","volume":"87","author":"Grossman MG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grossman MG, Tibone JE, McGarry MH, . 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