{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:08:12Z","timestamp":1790806092696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscle injuries are the most common injuries in sports, with hamstring injuries accounting for 29% of all injuries in athletes. These injuries lead to prolonged impairment and have a reinjury risk of 12% to 31%. They range from mild muscle damage without loss of structural integrity to complete muscle tearing with fiber disruption. Novel MRI scores are increasingly being used and allow a more precise prediction of return to sport. In this article, the authors review the history, mechanisms of injury, and classification systems for hamstring injuries as well as present the latest evidence related to the management of hamstring injuries, including intramuscular and both proximal and distal insertional injuries. Indications for surgical treatment of certain proximal and distal avulsions, biological augmentation to the nonoperative treatment of midsubstance injuries, and advances in risk reduction and injury prevention are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513487063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T01:06:36Z","timestamp":1369357596000},"page":"2933-2947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Evaluation and Management of Hamstring Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Redler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Ciccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sports Medicine, Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umile Giuseppe","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700720134"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198502010-00003"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.11.001"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199703000-00023"},{"key":"bibr5-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B8.22546"},{"key":"bibr6-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.554813"},{"key":"bibr7-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503258912"},{"key":"bibr9-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00312.x"},{"key":"bibr10-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507303563"},{"key":"bibr11-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20560"},{"key":"bibr12-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508315470"},{"key":"bibr13-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.4.309"},{"key":"bibr14-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001060304"},{"key":"bibr15-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01372"},{"key":"bibr16-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800419"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr17-0363546513487063","first-page":"1155","volume":"21","author":"Bradley PS","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"bibr18-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.006"},{"key":"bibr19-0363546513487063","first-page":"354","volume":"17","author":"Brewer BJ","year":"1960","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"bibr20-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00017"},{"key":"bibr21-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505286022"},{"key":"bibr22-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657400200402"},{"key":"bibr23-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0563-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr24-0363546513487063","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"Burkett LN","year":"1970","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"bibr25-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657500300504"},{"key":"bibr26-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090325"},{"key":"bibr27-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510379324"},{"key":"bibr28-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1008"},{"key":"bibr29-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.015719"},{"key":"bibr30-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2118-z"},{"key":"bibr31-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.05.026"},{"key":"bibr32-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199807000-00005"},{"key":"bibr33-0363546513487063","first-page":"24","volume":"80","author":"Clark WE","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"bibr34-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200706000-00004"},{"key":"bibr35-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512456012"},{"key":"bibr36-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111403107"},{"key":"bibr37-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830975"},{"key":"bibr38-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509361016"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr39-0363546513487063","first-page":"424","volume":"11","author":"Cowin AJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"bibr40-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434100-00005"},{"key":"bibr41-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300020901"},{"key":"bibr42-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316764"},{"key":"bibr43-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260060801"},{"key":"bibr44-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426188"},{"key":"bibr45-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.2.1740393"},{"key":"bibr46-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100203"},{"key":"bibr47-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"key":"bibr48-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510394647"},{"key":"bibr49-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509358381"},{"key":"bibr50-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507312167"},{"key":"bibr51-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2006.02.001"},{"key":"bibr52-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(95)90017-R"},{"key":"bibr53-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/lds016"},{"key":"bibr54-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.01.004"},{"key":"bibr55-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00441.x"},{"key":"bibr56-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.011197"},{"key":"bibr57-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602406S02"},{"key":"bibr58-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198910000-00004"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr59-0363546513487063","first-page":"443","volume":"76","author":"Hamilton B","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"bibr60-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273753"},{"key":"bibr61-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.07.005"},{"key":"bibr62-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200506"},{"key":"bibr63-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.08.003"},{"key":"bibr64-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.03.006"},{"key":"bibr65-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(96)00029-9"},{"key":"bibr66-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198807000-00019"},{"key":"bibr67-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712591003610606"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr68-0363546513487063","first-page":"85","volume":"84","author":"Jarvinen M","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr69-0363546513487063","first-page":"216","volume":"33","author":"Kaminski TW","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr70-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300051901"},{"key":"bibr71-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214050-00001"},{"key":"bibr72-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-006-0216-4"},{"key":"bibr73-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00793.x"},{"key":"bibr74-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.019083"},{"key":"bibr75-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280030301"},{"key":"bibr76-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63188-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr77-0363546513487063","first-page":"71","volume":"18","author":"Liemohn W","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"bibr78-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509334220"},{"key":"bibr79-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701786120"},{"key":"bibr80-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512438761"},{"key":"bibr81-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/175038"},{"key":"bibr82-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.032"},{"key":"bibr83-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldq026"},{"key":"bibr84-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.069526"},{"key":"bibr85-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321078"},{"key":"bibr86-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2010.06.1780"},{"key":"bibr87-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400203"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr88-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20070701-08","volume":"30","author":"Mann G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"bibr89-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.09.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr90-0363546513487063","first-page":"CD004575","author":"Mason DL","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr91-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00453149"},{"key":"bibr92-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701786138"},{"key":"bibr93-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2011.04.002"},{"key":"bibr94-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081695"},{"key":"bibr95-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.07.003"},{"key":"bibr96-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00094"},{"key":"bibr97-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0838.2003.367.x"},{"key":"bibr98-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000179233.17885.18"},{"key":"bibr99-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500116"},{"key":"bibr100-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200110000-00011"},{"key":"bibr101-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290030801"},{"key":"bibr102-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600515"},{"key":"bibr103-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/org.6.3.12419"},{"key":"bibr104-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198908040-00004"},{"key":"bibr105-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20081101-26"},{"key":"bibr106-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400202"},{"key":"bibr107-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314427"},{"key":"bibr108-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.10.054"},{"key":"bibr109-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2005.05.004"},{"key":"bibr110-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248034"},{"key":"bibr111-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2009.06.012"},{"key":"bibr112-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.3.116"},{"key":"bibr113-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.6.1791621"},{"key":"bibr114-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2469"},{"key":"bibr115-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824c2b70"},{"key":"bibr116-0363546513487063","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Sports-Induced Inflammation: Clinical and Basic Science Concepts","volume":"1990","author":"Stauber WT"},{"key":"bibr117-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00703.x"},{"key":"bibr118-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2575"},{"key":"bibr119-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0403-z"},{"key":"bibr120-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400102"},{"key":"bibr121-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.152.2.335"},{"key":"bibr122-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310063701"},{"key":"bibr123-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.6.435"},{"key":"bibr124-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961010-00011"},{"key":"bibr125-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20121217-20"},{"key":"bibr126-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310011801"},{"key":"bibr127-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00685"},{"key":"bibr128-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002352"},{"key":"bibr129-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199417050-00006"},{"key":"bibr130-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1991.13.3.118"},{"key":"bibr131-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.056283"},{"key":"bibr132-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31445-9"},{"key":"bibr133-0363546513487063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3674"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546513487063","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0363546513487063","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0363546513487063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:46:43Z","timestamp":1777369603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0363546513487063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0363546513487063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546513487063","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]]}}}