{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:30:08Z","timestamp":1793039408691,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Localized cooling has been proposed as an effective strategy to limit the deleterious effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on neuromuscular function. However, the literature reports conflicting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effects of a new treatment, localized air-pulsed cryotherapy (\u201330\u00b0C), on the recovery time-course of neuromuscular function following a strenuous eccentric exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 24 participants were included in either a control group (CONT) or a cryotherapy group (CRYO). Immediately after 3 sets of 20 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of elbow flexors, and then 1, 2, and 3 days after exercise, the CRYO group received a cryotherapy treatment (3 \u00d7 4 minutes at \u221230\u00b0C separated by 1 minute). The day before and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after exercise, several parameters were quantified: maximal isometric torque and its associated maximal electromyographic activity recorded by a 64-channel electrode, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), biceps brachii transverse relaxation time (T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) measured using magnetic resonance imaging, creatine kinase activity, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maximal isometric torque decreased similarly for the CONT (\u201333% \u00b1 4%) and CRYO groups (\u221231% \u00b1 6%). No intergroup differences were found for DOMS, electromyographic activity, creatine kinase activity, and T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      level averaged across the whole biceps brachii. C-reactive protein significantly increased for CONT (+93% at 72 hours, P &lt; .05) but not for CRYO. Spatial analysis showed that cryotherapy delayed the significant increase of T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and the decrease of electromyographic activity level for CRYO compared with CONT (between day 1 and day 3) in the medio-distal part of the biceps brachii.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although some indicators of muscle damage after severe eccentric exercise were delayed (ie, local formation of edema and decrease of muscle activity) by repeated air-pulsed cryotherapy, we provide evidence that this cooling procedure failed to improve long-term recovery of muscle performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four applications of air-pulsed cryotherapy in the 3 days after a strenuous eccentric exercise are ineffective overall in promoting long-term muscle recovery. Further studies taking into account the amount of exercise-induced muscle damage would allow investigators to make stronger conclusions regarding the inefficiency of this recovery modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513490648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T23:56:58Z","timestamp":1370476618000},"page":"1942-1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Effects of Air-Pulsed Cryotherapy on Neuromuscular Recovery Subsequent to Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ga\u00ebl","family":"Guilhem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Sports (INSEP), Research and Medical Departments, Paris, 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