{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:25:30Z","timestamp":1780403130541,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of complete distal biceps tendon rupture (DBTR) is frequently missed or delayed on clinical examination. No single clinical test, including MRI, has demonstrated 100% efficacy in assessing the integrity of the distal biceps tendon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining 3 validated clinical tests for identifying complete rupture can maximize a true-positive diagnosis for complete DBTR without the need for confirmatory soft tissue imaging when performed in concert with other important factors from the history and clinical examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hook test, the passive forearm pronation (PFP) test, and the biceps crease interval (BCI) test were applied in sequence in conjunction with a standard patient history and physical examination on 48 patients with suspected distal biceps tendon injuries. If results on all 3 special tests were positive for complete rupture, the patient was referred for surgical repair; diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively. If results on all 3 special tests were negative, diagnosis was confirmed with soft tissue imaging and patients were managed nonoperatively. If results of the 3 tests were not in agreement, soft tissue imaging was used to clarify the disagreement and to confirm the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-five patients had unequivocal results based on history, physical examination, and special tests. Thirty-two tested in agreement positive for complete rupture, which were confirmed intraoperatively. Three tested in agreement negative, with subsequent imaging confirming partial rupture. Thirteen patients had equivocal special test results; soft tissue imaging suggested complete rupture in 10 and partial rupture in 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Application in sequence of the hook test, the PFP test, and the BCI test results in 100% sensitivity and specificity when the outcomes on all 3 special tests are in agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513493383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T21:29:26Z","timestamp":1372282166000},"page":"1998-2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Improving the Rapid and Reliable Diagnosis of Complete Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Moira W.","family":"Devereaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fluid Motion Physiotherapy 2012 Ltd, Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr W.","family":"ElMaraghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada"},{"name":"St Joseph\u2019s Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00590-4"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e318183eb60"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2001.20.6.587"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546513493383","first-page":"193","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein AD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"bibr5-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508321482"},{"key":"bibr6-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0334-0"},{"key":"bibr7-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.08.016"},{"key":"bibr8-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e3181a93d5a"},{"key":"bibr9-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20050101-09"},{"key":"bibr10-0363546513493383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.01.001"},{"key":"bibr11-0363546513493383","unstructured":"Interprovincial outpatient rates. http:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/pro\/programs\/ohip\/bulletins\/na_42\/na_42_20110411_att1.pdf. 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