{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T07:53:07Z","timestamp":1791705187929,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are relatively few published epidemiological studies that have correlated pitching-related risk factors with increased pitching-related arm problems as well as injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High pitching volume and limited recovery will lead to arm fatigue, thus placing young pitchers at a greater risk for elbow and shoulder problems and, subsequently, an increased risk for arm injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A national survey was conducted among 754 youth pitchers (ages 9 to 18 years) who had pitched in organized baseball leagues during the 12 months before the survey. Self-reported risk-prone pitching activities were identified and compared with recommendations by the American Sports Medicine Institute. Relationships between self-reported pitching activities, shoulder and elbow problems, and injuries were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 754 participating pitchers, 43.4% pitched on consecutive days, 30.7% pitched on multiple teams with overlapping seasons, and 19.0% pitched multiple games a day during the 12 months before the study. Pitchers who engaged in these activities had increased risk of pitching-related arm pain (odds ratio [OR] = 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-5.60; OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.02-3.38; OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.03-3.49, respectively). Nearly 70% of the sample reported throwing curveballs, which was associated with 1.66 (95% CI = 1.09-2.53) greater odds of experiencing arm pain while throwing. Pitching-related arm tiredness and arm pain were associated with increased risk of pitching-related injuries. Specifically, those who often pitched with arm tiredness and arm pain had 7.88 (95% CI = 3.88-15.99) and 7.50 (95% CI = 3.47-16.21) greater odds of pitching-related injury, respectively. However, pitching on a travel baseball club, playing baseball exclusively, or playing catcher were not associated with arm problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study, along with those of others, reinforce the importance of avoiding risk-prone pitching activities to prevent pitching-related injuries among youth pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514524699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]],"date-time":"2014-03-14T02:18:03Z","timestamp":1394763483000},"page":"1456-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Risk-Prone Pitching Activities and Injuries in Youth Baseball"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jingzhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barton J.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Rosemont, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Guettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Orthopedics, Troy, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Irrgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn S.","family":"Fleisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546514524699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546514524699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.154"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546514524699","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3593"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546514524699","unstructured":"American Institute of Sports Medicine. 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