{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:06:08Z","timestamp":1785611168687,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemic levels of shoulder and elbow injuries have been reported recently in youth and adolescent baseball players. Despite the concerning frequency of these injuries, no instrument has been validated to assess upper extremity injury in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to validate an upper extremity assessment tool specifically designed for young baseball players. We hypothesized that this tool will be both reliable and valid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Youth Throwing Score (YTS) was constructed by an interdisciplinary team of providers and coaches as a tool to assess upper extremity injury in youth and adolescent baseball players (age range, 10-18 years). The psychometric properties of the test were then determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 223 players completed the final survey. The players\u2019 mean age was 14.3 \u00b1 2.7 years. Pilot analysis showed that none of the 14 questions received a mean athlete importance rating less than 3 of 5, and the final survey read at a Flesch-Kincaid level of 4.1, which is appropriate for patients aged 9 years and older. The players self-assigned their injury status, resulting in a mean instrument score of 59.7 \u00b1 8.4 for the 148 players \u201cplaying without pain,\u201d 42.0 \u00b1 11.5 for the 60 players \u201cplaying with pain,\u201d and 40.4 \u00b1 10.5 for the 15 players \u201cnot playing due to pain.\u201d Players playing without pain scored significantly higher than those playing with pain and those not playing due to pain ( P &lt; .001). Psychometric analysis showed a test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a Cronbach alpha intra-item reliability coefficient of 0.93, indicating excellent reliability and internal consistency. Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.65, 0.62, and 0.31 were calculated between the YTS and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument sports\/physical functioning module, the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow score, and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score, respectively. Injured players scored a mean of 9.4 points higher after treatment ( P &lt; .001), and players who improved in their self-assigned pain categorization scored 16.5 points higher ( P &lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The YTS is the first valid and reliable instrument for assessing young baseball players\u2019 upper extremity health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516667503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T13:30:24Z","timestamp":1476192624000},"page":"317-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Youth Throwing Score: Validating Injury Assessment in Young Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay S.","family":"Padaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish S.","family":"Noticewala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Makhni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Popkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509355642"},{"key":"bibr2-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000167079.83835.22"},{"key":"bibr3-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093299"},{"key":"bibr4-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780060404"},{"key":"bibr5-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513496548"},{"key":"bibr6-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224"},{"key":"bibr7-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.01.036"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.154","volume":"106","author":"Intensive training and sports specialization in young athletes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr9-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514567298"},{"key":"bibr10-0363546516667503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid JP, Fishburne RP, Rogers RL, Chissom BS. Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count, and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel. Millington, TN: Naval Air Station Memphis; 1975. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a006655.pdf. 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