{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1792844042898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR065023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR065023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial meniscal scaffolds are being developed to prevent development of osteoarthritis after meniscectomy. Previously, it was reported that 3-dimensional (3D) anatomic scaffolds loaded with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor \u03b23 (TGF-\u03b23) achieved meniscal regeneration in an ovine model. This was a relatively short-term study (3 months postoperative), and outcome analyses did not include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate long-term outcome of meniscal replacement with growth factor\u2013laden poly-\u03b5-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anatomically shaped ovine meniscal scaffolds were fabricated from PCL with a 3D printer based on MRI data. Skeletally mature sheep (N = 34) were randomly allocated to 3 groups: scaffold without growth factor (0-\u00b5g group), scaffold with CTGF microspheres (\u00b5S) (5 \u00b5g) + TGF-\u03b23 \u00b5S (5 \u00b5g) (5-\u00b5g group), and scaffold with CTGF \u00b5S (10 \u00b5g) + TGF-\u03b23 \u00b5S (10 \u00b5g) (10-\u00b5g group). Unilateral medial meniscal replacement was performed. Animals were euthanized at 6 or 12 months. Regenerated meniscus, articular cartilage status, and synovial reaction were evaluated quantitatively with gross inspection, histology, and MRI. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used to compare the 3 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Remnants of the PCL scaffold were evident in the 6-month specimens and were decreased but still present at 12 months in most animals. There were no significant differences among groups in gross inspection, histology, or MRI for either meniscal regeneration or articular cartilage protection. All experimental groups exhibited articular cartilage degeneration as compared with control (nonoperated). In terms of synovitis, there were no clear differences among groups, suggesting that growth factors did not increase inflammation and fibrosis. MRI revealed that meniscal extrusion was observed in most animals (82.7%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previously, the combination of CTGF and TGF-\u03b23 was shown to stimulate mesenchymal stem cells into a fibrochondrocyte lineage. CTGF and TGF-\u03b23 did not aggravate synovitis, suggesting no adverse response to the combination of 3D-printed PCL scaffold combined with CTGF and TGF-\u03b23. Further work will be required to improve scaffold fixation to avoid meniscal extrusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant advantage of this technique is the ability to print custom-fit scaffolds from MRI-generated templates. In addition, average-size menisci could be printed and available for off-the-shelf applications. Based on the 1-year duration of the study, the approach appears to be promising for meniscal regeneration in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519865513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T14:25:40Z","timestamp":1565101540000},"page":"2596-2607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Long-term Evaluation of Meniscal Tissue Formation in 3-dimensional\u2013Printed Scaffolds With Sequential Release of Connective Tissue Growth Factor and TGF-\u03b23 in an Ovine Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Graduate School, Tokyo 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