{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:50:41Z","timestamp":1793659841455,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased humeral retroversion on the dominant side of throwing athletes is thought to result from repetitive throwing motion. Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder\u2014a rotational stress fracture of the proximal humeral epiphyseal plate\u2014may influence the risk of humeral retroversion and injury of the shoulder or elbow joint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder on humeral retroversion and the rates of shoulder and elbow injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10 high school baseball players (average age, 16.6 years; range, 16-18 years) who had experienced Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder during elementary or junior high school (average age, 12.6 years; range, 11-15 years) were enrolled in the study. As a control group, 22 high school baseball players (average age, 16.9 years; range, 16-18 years) who had never had any shoulder or elbow injury during elementary and junior high school were included. Humeral retroversion on ultrasonographic measurement, shoulder range of motion, and rates of shoulder and elbow injuries were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Humeral retroversion was significantly greater on the dominant side than on the nondominant side in both players with Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder (dominant, 104\u00b0\u00b1 8\u00b0; nondominant, 84\u00b0\u00b1 12\u00b0; P &lt; .001) and controls (dominant, 91\u00b0\u00b1 13\u00b0; nondominant, 81\u00b0\u00b1 10\u00b0; P &lt; .001). In the dominant shoulder, humeral retroversion was greater in the Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder group than in the control group ( P = .008). When the effects of humeral retroversion were excluded, maximal external rotation was significantly less in the dominant shoulder than in the nondominant shoulder in the Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder group (by 11\u00b0\u00b1 12\u00b0, P = .02), whereas no significant difference was found between dominant (110\u00b0\u00b1 11\u00b0) and nondominant (111\u00b0\u00b1 13\u00b0) shoulders in the control group ( P = .64). The rates of shoulder and elbow pain were significantly higher in the Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder group (shoulder pain 80%, elbow pain 70%) than in the control group (shoulder pain 9%, P &lt; .001; elbow pain 32%, P = .04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Humeral retroversion was increased in baseball players without any history of shoulder or elbow injury during elementary and junior high school and was further increased in players who had had Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder. Increased humeral retroversion after Little Leaguer\u2019s shoulder may be a risk factor for future shoulder or elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519876060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T18:26:22Z","timestamp":1570213582000},"page":"3100-3106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Humeral Retroversion and Injury Risk After Proximal Humeral Epiphysiolysis (Little Leaguer\u2019s Shoulder)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doi Orthopaedic Clinic, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruhisa","family":"Mihata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doi Orthopaedic Clinic, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Neo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munekazu","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doi Orthopaedic Clinic, Takatsuki, Osaka, 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