{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:12:24Z","timestamp":1791443544658,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concussions are a source of major concern in rugby, and a limited number of studies have attempted to identify risk factors for these injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the incidence of match concussion and associated risk factors, including individual workload, anthropometric variables, playing position, and season phase, in elite rugby union players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study; Level of evidence 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All concussions and explanatory variables were collected for every match over 5 consecutive seasons (2014-2018) in 1334 professional players participating in the French Top 14 championship. Concussion risk was estimated using mixed effects Poisson regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean match concussion incidence equated to 10.4 (95% CI, 9.3-11.5) concussions for 1000 hours of game exposure. A peak was reached in the 2016-2017 season (13.7; 95% CI, 11.0-16.5). A greater risk was observed in the playoffs as compared with the first phase of the season (incidence rate ratio, 3.96; 95% CI, 2.10-7.35). In comparison with other positions, half-backs incurred the highest rate of concussion events (incidence, 16.1; 95% CI, 11.8-20.3). Irrespective of playing position, those with greater height and lower body mass reported a higher risk of concussions ( P = .02), especially during tackling actions for lighter players ( P = .01) and during other match events for taller players ( P = .03). When adjusted for season phase, players who had accumulated a higher amount of playing time since the beginning of the season demonstrated a lower risk of concussion ( P = .005).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inter- and intraseasonal variations in concussion rates were observed. Within positional groups, lighter and taller players were more at risk, with the highest incidence generally observed in half-backs. Workload was measured by the number of matches played before a concussion event, and it appeared to have a protective rather than deleterious effect on concussion risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211006480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T15:41:11Z","timestamp":1618587671000},"page":"1921-1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors in Concussion Events: A 5-Season Study in the French Top 14 Rugby Union Championship"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Ch\u00e9radame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, French Rugby Union Federation, Marcoussis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Piscione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, French Rugby Union Federation, Marcoussis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Carling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, French Rugby Union Federation, Marcoussis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Guinoiseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, French Rugby Union Federation, Marcoussis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, French National Rugby League, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Jacqmin-Gadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health U1219, ISPED, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Decq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biom\u00e9canique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et M\u00e9tiers ParisTech et Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Beaujon, Neurochirurgie, Clichy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2015.57075"},{"key":"bibr2-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.066985"},{"key":"bibr3-03635465211006480","unstructured":"Burger N, Abrahams S, Brown J, et al. Long-term effects of concussion in rugby union versus other contact sports. Accessed March 2021. https:\/\/www.springboks.rugby\/media\/iqgbwd4f\/long-terms-effects-in-rugby-union-vs-other-contact-sports.pdf"},{"key":"bibr4-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000092"},{"key":"bibr5-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.11.010"},{"key":"bibr6-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982"},{"key":"bibr7-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097912"},{"key":"bibr8-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0187"},{"key":"bibr9-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.04.003"},{"key":"bibr10-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.005"},{"key":"bibr11-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2020\/v32i1a8062"},{"key":"bibr12-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275"},{"key":"bibr13-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095788"},{"key":"bibr14-03635465211006480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0233-3"},{"key":"bibr15-03635465211006480","unstructured":"Kemp S, West S, Brooks J, et al. England professional rugby injury surveillance project 2017-2018 season report. 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