{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:27:41Z","timestamp":1777390061435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K08AR077740-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K08AR077740-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016009","name":"Orthopedic Research and Education Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Mentored Clinician Scientist Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mentored Clinician Scientist Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a leading cause of hip pain in young adults and often leads to degenerative osteoarthritis (OA). A small animal model of hip deformities is crucial for unraveling the pathophysiology of hip OA secondary to FAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purposes:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To (1) characterize a new minimally invasive surgical technique to create a proximal femoral head\u2013neck deformity in a skeletally immature rabbit model and (2) document the effect of an injury to the medial proximal femoral epiphysis on head\u2013neck morphology at 28 days after the injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six-week-old New Zealand White rabbits (n = 10) were subjected to right hip surgery, with the left hip used as a control. An epiphyseal injury in the medial femoral head was created using a 1.6-mm drill. Hips were harvested bilaterally at 28 days after surgery. Alpha and epiphyseal shaft angles were measured on radiographs. Alpha angles at the 1- and 3-o\u2019clock positions were measured on the oblique axial plane of micro\u2013computed tomography images. Bone bar formation secondary to growth plate injuries was confirmed using alcian blue hematoxylin staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All hips in the study group showed a varus\u2013type head-neck deformity, with lower epiphyseal shaft angles on anteroposterior radiographs versus those in the control group (133\u00b0\u00b1 8\u00b0 vs 142\u00b0\u00b1 5\u00b0, respectively; P = .022) and higher epiphyseal shaft angles on lateral radiographs (27\u00b0\u00b1 12\u00b0 vs 10\u00b0\u00b1 7\u00b0, respectively; P &lt; .001). The mean alpha angles in the study group were higher at both the 1- (103\u00b0\u00b1 14\u00b0 vs 46\u00b0\u00b1 7\u00b0, respectively; P &lt; .002) and 3-o\u2019clock (99\u00b0\u00b1 18\u00b0 vs 35\u00b0\u00b1 11\u00b0, respectively; P &lt; .002) positions than those in the control group. Alcian blue hematoxylin staining of all hips in the study group indicated that the injured physis developed a bony bar, leading to growth plate arrest on the medial femoral head.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model led to growth arrest at the proximal femoral physis, resulting in a femoral head\u2013neck deformity similar to human FAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our novel small animal model of a femoral head\u2013neck deformity is a potential platform for research into the basic mechanisms of FAI disease progression and the development of disease\u2013modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  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