{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:43:18Z","timestamp":1780472598735,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of wrist pain among gymnasts ranges from 46% to 79%. To alleviate wrist pain, gymnasts wear wrist guards\/supports (WG\/S).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of WG\/S on the wrist joint through joint moment, angles, total joint range of motion (ROM) arc, and ground-reaction force (GRF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate 23 female gymnasts (mean \u00b1 SD: age, 12.3 \u00b1 1.5 years; height, 143.4 \u00b1 7.6 cm; mass, 37.7 \u00b1 6.6 kg; body mass index, 18.6 \u00b1 2.9) who performed back handsprings (analyzed by first half [phase 1] and second half [phase 2]) with the following 3 conditions: no WG\/S, Skids\/Ultimate Wrist Supports (S\/UWS), and Tiger Paws (TP). Wrist joint moments, angles, total ROM arc, and GRF were examined by the 3 conditions using analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and effect size (Cohen d).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For mean wrist flexion moment, both S\/UWS and TP showed significantly higher values than the no-WG\/S condition in landing phase 1 (S\/UWS: P = .001, d = 1.30; TP: P = .019, d = 0.87). In angle comparisons in landing phase 1, no WG\/S showed greater mean wrist extension angles compared with S\/UWS ( P = .046; d = 0.80), but no significant differences with TP ( P = .096; d = 0.65). Also, in landing phase 1, total ROM arc of the right wrist was greater in the no-WG\/S condition compared with S\/UWS ( P = .018; d = 0.88), but there were no differences with TP ( P = .400; d = 0.52).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data show an increased wrist flexion moment using S\/UWS and TP compared with the no-WG\/S condition in landing phase 1 of back handsprings. Also, increased wrist extension angles and total arc ROM of the right wrist were found in the no-WG\/S condition compared with S\/UWS, but not with TP in landing phase 1. S\/UWS may be helpful to reduce wrist joint angles, specifically wrist extension in landing phase 1, but both S\/UWS and TP caused higher wrist flexion joint moment in landing phase 1. There were no differences found in GFG among the three variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the first half of the back handspring, wrist guards can limit wrist extension joint angles and total arc ROM; however, an increased wrist flexion moment was found when wrist guards were worn, which may potentially lead to an increased risk of injury. Injury history, especially overuse signs\/symptoms, and previous surgery on the wrist joint need to be well considered before the application or use of wrist guards. Also, the amount of time\/exposure wearing wrist guards should be carefully controlled in young female gymnasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231199683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T01:50:52Z","timestamp":1696470652000},"page":"3426-3433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Wrist Guards\/Supports in Gymnastics: Are They Helping or Hurting You?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Elspeth","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Gymnastics Medicine: Education and Research, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Whited","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald S.","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284848"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr2-03635465231199683","first-page":"44","volume":"39","author":"Earl JE","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr3-03635465231199683","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Research Methods in Biomechanics","volume":"2004","author":"Hamill J"},{"key":"bibr4-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000536"},{"key":"bibr5-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591"},{"key":"bibr6-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510396319"},{"key":"bibr7-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1431-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr8-03635465231199683","first-page":"341","volume":"10","author":"McLaren K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"bibr9-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092536"},{"key":"bibr10-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2018.1527168"},{"key":"bibr11-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519854286"},{"key":"bibr12-03635465231199683","unstructured":"SKIDS\u2014Ultimate Wrist Support. American Gymnast. Accessed September 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.american-gymnast.com\/product\/skids-ultimate-wrist-support\/"},{"key":"bibr13-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.1056"},{"key":"bibr14-03635465231199683","unstructured":"The Ultimate Wrist Support. TEN-O. Accessed September 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.ten-o.com\/The-Ultimate-Wrist-Support-FREE-SHIPPING,652.html?b=d*15831&s=d&p=9&c=10"},{"key":"bibr15-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0305"},{"key":"bibr16-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2019.03.002"},{"key":"bibr17-03635465231199683","unstructured":"US Glove Gymnastics Tiger Paws Wrist Supports. US Glove. Accessed September 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.usglove.com\/products\/tiger-paw-wrist-supports"},{"key":"bibr18-03635465231199683","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181870471"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465231199683","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03635465231199683","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465231199683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1777369795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03635465231199683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03635465231199683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465231199683","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]}}}