{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:31:50Z","timestamp":1777390310420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF REU Site","award":["#1950281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950281"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In baseball, youth athletes play on smaller fields with shorter distances between bases, shorter pitching distances, and smaller mounds. Despite this, youth athletes use baseballs weighing the same amount as those used at the professional level, possibly predisposing youth baseball players to injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) To determine the effects of throwing a smaller, lighter, and both smaller and lighter baseball on throwing arm stress in youth athletes and (2) to also investigate how changing the ball size and weight would affect elbow varus torque, shoulder distraction force, and throwing arm internal rotation velocity during the throwing motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional cohort study analyzed the kinematics and kinetics of 38 youth baseball players (mean age, 8.3 \u00b1 0.8 years) throwing a baseball modified in size and weight. Three-dimensional motion data were collected using a retroreflective marker set and a 12-camera motion analysis system. Full-body kinematics and kinetics were calculated using commercial software. Participants threw 5 different types of baseballs 3 times each, in random order, with full effort from a pitching mound to a target 14 m away. The balls used were a 5-oz regular baseball, 5-oz (0.142-kg) baseball with a 5% reduced circumference, 4-oz (0.113-kg) baseball, 4-oz baseball with a 5% reduced circumference, and 3-oz (0.085-kg) baseball. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical differences in elbow varus torque, shoulder distraction force, and throwing arm internal rotation velocity among baseball types. The Tukey post hoc test was used to further investigate differences between the ball groups, considering P &lt; .05 to be significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of variance detected a significant difference in elbow varus torque among ball groups ( P = .024). The Tukey post hoc test revealed a moderate difference in elbow varus torque between the 5-oz baseball (4.73 \u00b1 1.06 percentage body weight \u00d7 height [%BW \u00d7 H]) and 3-oz baseball (4.06 \u00b1 0.83 %BW \u00d7 H) ( P = .017; d = 0.677 [95% CI, 0.08-1.27]). No significant differences were found in shoulder distraction force or throwing arm internal rotation velocity among ball groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with a 5-oz baseball, throwing a 3-oz baseball resulted in decreased elbow varus torque with a moderate effect size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231213333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:00:58Z","timestamp":1704945658000},"page":"516-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Ball Size and Weight on Throwing Kinematics and Kinetics in Youth Baseball Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Miles S.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garrett S.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Hosmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen F.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03635465231213333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333010-00006"},{"key":"bibr2-03635465231213333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"bibr3-03635465231213333","unstructured":"Aspen Institute. Youth sports facts: participation rates. Published 2022. 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