{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:33:45Z","timestamp":1777390425609,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020624","name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite an acute knee injury being a major risk factor for osteoarthritis, the factors that initiate and maintain this risk of longer-term knee symptoms are poorly understood. Bioactive lipids derived from omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have key roles in the regulation of the inflammatory response and have been linked to joint damage and osteoarthritis pain in translational models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There would be associations between systemic levels of bioactive lipids and knee symptoms longitudinally after an acute knee injury and related knee surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed a subset of young, active adults who had sustained an acute knee injury (recruited via a surgical care pathway) and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Surgery, if performed, was conducted after the baseline serum sample was taken and before the 3-month and 2-year visits. Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry of 41 bioactive lipids was carried out in sera of (1) 47 injured participants (median age, 28 years) collected at baseline (median, 24 days after injury), 3 months, and 2 years, along with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and (2) age- and sex-matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .0001) and docosahexaenoic acid (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .0001) and the pro-resolving lipid mediators 17\u2013 and 14\u2013hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid were all significantly greater at baseline in injured participants compared with the later time points and also higher than in healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0019 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .0001, respectively). Levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins E2 and D2, leukotriene B4, and thromboxane B2 were significantly lower at baseline compared with the later time points. Higher levels of 8,9\u2013, 11,12\u2013, and 14,15\u2013dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) were cross-sectionally associated with more severe knee pain\/symptoms according to the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score at 2 years (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0004,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.251;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0002,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.278; and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0012,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.214, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The profile of pro-resolving versus pro-inflammatory lipids at baseline suggests an initial activation of pro-resolution pathways, followed by the later activation of pro-inflammatory pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this largely surgically managed cohort, the association of soluble epoxide hydrolase metabolites, the DHETs, with more severe knee symptoms at 2 years provides a rationale for further investigation into the role of this pathway in persisting knee symptoms in this population, including potential therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  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