{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:28:39Z","timestamp":1793935719961,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual maximum joint and segment angular velocities have shown positive associations with throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity in baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To observe how cumulative maximum joint and segment angular velocities, irrespective of sequence, affect ball velocity and throwing arm kinetics in high school pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High school (n = 55) pitchers threw 8 to 12 fastball pitches while being evaluated with 3-dimensional motion capture (480 Hz). Maximum joint and segment angular velocities (lead knee extension, pelvis rotation, trunk rotation, shoulder internal rotation, and forearm pronation) were calculated for each pitcher. Pitchers were classified as overall fast, overall slow, or high velocity for each joint or segment velocity subcategory, or as population, with any pitcher eligible to be included in multiple subcategories. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were compared among the various subgroups using t tests with post hoc regressions and multivariable regression models created to predict throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lead knee extension and pelvis rotation velocity subgroups achieved significantly higher normalized elbow varus torque ( P = .016) and elbow flexion torque ( P = .018) compared with population, with equivalent ball velocity ( P = .118). For every 1-SD increase in maximum pelvis rotation velocity (87 deg\/s), the normalized elbow distractive force increased by 4.7% body weight (BW) ( B = 0.054; \u03b2 = 0.290; P = .013). The overall fast group was older (mean \u00b1 standard deviation, 16.9 \u00b1 1.4 vs 15.4 \u00b1 0.9 years; P = .007), had 8.9-mph faster ball velocity (32.7 \u00b1 3.1 vs 28.7 \u00b1 2.3 m\/s; P = .002), and had significantly higher shoulder internal rotation torque (63.1 \u00b1 17.4 vs 43.6 \u00b1 12.0 Nm; P = .005), elbow varus torque (61.8 \u00b1 16.4 vs 41.6 \u00b1 11.4 Nm; P = .002), and elbow flexion torque (46.4 \u00b1 12.0 vs 29.5 \u00b1 6.8 Nm; P &lt; .001) compared with the overall slow group. A multiregression model for ball velocity based on maximum joint and segment angular velocities and anthropometrics predicted 53.0% of variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High school pitchers with higher maximum joint and segment velocities, irrespective of sequence, demonstrated older age and faster ball velocity at the cost of increased throwing shoulder and elbow kinetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pitchers and coaching staff should consider this trade-off between faster ball velocity and increasing throwing arm kinetics, an established risk factor for elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241271968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T10:58:50Z","timestamp":1725274730000},"page":"2893-2901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison of Throwing Arm Kinetics and Ball Velocity in High School Pitchers With Overall Fast and Overall Slow Cumulative Joint and Segment Velocities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8825-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Manzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lenox Hill, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Center, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaorui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleiman Y.","family":"Sudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Monmouth Medical Center, Monmouth, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brockton A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"McElheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Ruzbarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail and Aspen, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Ciccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Ciccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Dines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"bibr2-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr3-03635465241271968","volume":"2019","author":"Birfer R","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"bibr4-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824e16fe"},{"key":"bibr5-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517719047"},{"key":"bibr6-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519867934"},{"key":"bibr7-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509340226"},{"key":"bibr8-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.013"},{"key":"bibr9-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2050801"},{"key":"bibr10-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507308938"},{"key":"bibr11-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.14.1.1"},{"key":"bibr12-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004"},{"key":"bibr13-03635465241271968","first-page":"908","volume-title":"33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports","volume":"2015","author":"Gasparutto X"},{"key":"bibr14-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bcd5fe"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr15-03635465241271968","first-page":"742","volume":"13","author":"Kageyama M","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"bibr16-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2014.11868727"},{"key":"bibr17-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2021.08.012"},{"key":"bibr18-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.12.208"},{"key":"bibr19-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118760780"},{"key":"bibr20-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2019-0235"},{"key":"bibr21-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211072223"},{"key":"bibr22-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211041381"},{"key":"bibr23-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.10.045"},{"key":"bibr24-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2021.08.007"},{"key":"bibr25-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.06.011"},{"key":"bibr26-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211067824"},{"key":"bibr27-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.01.153"},{"key":"bibr28-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.17.1.1"},{"key":"bibr29-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519850560"},{"key":"bibr30-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.110999"},{"key":"bibr31-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211054506"},{"key":"bibr32-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.04.046"},{"key":"bibr33-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518770619"},{"key":"bibr34-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514536871"},{"key":"bibr35-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00019"},{"key":"bibr36-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90084-R"},{"key":"bibr37-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181c87ca2"},{"key":"bibr38-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119S00429"},{"key":"bibr39-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002471"},{"key":"bibr40-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.02.015"},{"key":"bibr41-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.17.2.164"},{"key":"bibr42-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007"},{"key":"bibr43-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.04.002"},{"key":"bibr44-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C"},{"key":"bibr45-03635465241271968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001048"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465241271968","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03635465241271968","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465241271968","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:50:58Z","timestamp":1777369858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03635465241271968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03635465241271968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465241271968","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}}}