{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1779271616699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the knee are most commonly found in the medial femoral condyle (MFC). However, a paucity of literature has explored the characteristics or morphology of patellar OCD lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to analyze patellar tracking and patellofemoral measurements of pediatric patients with patellar OCD compared with patients with MFC OCD. It was hypothesized that the patients with patellar OCD would demonstrate an increased bony sulcus angle, cartilaginous sulcus angle, and tibial tubercle\u2013trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance compared with patients with MFC OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case series; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients aged \u226418 years diagnosed with either a patellar or MFC OCD lesion at a single tertiary care hospital between January 2016 and May 2023 were analyzed. Patients with a history of patellar instability were excluded. The Caton-Deschamps index, cartilaginous bony height, trochlear depth, patellar tilt, lateral patellar displacement, cartilaginous sulcus angle, bony sulcus angle, and TT-TG distance were assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients were matched 1:2 based on sex and chronological age within 2 years between the patellar and MFC OCD groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 40 extremities in 34 patients with patellar OCD were matched to 80 extremities in 73 patients with MFC OCD. The mean age at the time of MRI was 14.1 \u00b1 2.3 years, and 23% were female. Compared with patients with MFC OCD, patients with patellar OCD had a significantly greater TT-TG distance (11.55 \u00b1 4.15 vs 13.35 \u00b1 4.07 mm, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .03). The cartilaginous sulcus angle (150.63\u00b0\u00b1 7.20\u00b0 vs 128.09\u00b0\u00b1 14.07\u00b0, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and bony sulcus angle (144.70\u00b0\u00b1 7.78\u00b0 vs 137.37\u00b0\u00b1 9.62\u00b0, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) were higher in the patellar OCD group compared with the MFC OCD group. Of patients with patellar OCD, 40% had a TT-TG distance &gt;15 mm, and of patients with MFC OCD, 20% had a TT-TG distance &gt;15 mm. The patellar OCD group had 3.7 times the risk of having a patellar dislocation compared with the MFC OCD group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increased TT-TG distance and sulcus angle were associated with patellar OCD in pediatric patients. Patients with abnormal patellofemoral morphology who undergo treatment for a patellar OCD lesion may subsequently develop a patellar dislocation; in this study, patients with patellar OCD without a history of patellar dislocations demonstrated a nearly 4-fold higher dislocation rate compared with an age- and sex-matched group of patients with MFC OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251320117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T03:33:08Z","timestamp":1740367988000},"page":"1112-1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased Tibial Tubercle\u2013Trochlear Groove Distance and Sulcus Angle Are Associated With Patellar Osteochondritis Dissecans in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7236-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Lijesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshitha","family":"Adhiyaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Bram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7249-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nnaoma M.","family":"Oji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1159-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle E.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8966-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shae K.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas N.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D.","family":"Fabricant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Patellofemoral instability: classification and imaging","volume":"1","author":"Berruto M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berruto M, Ferrua P, Carimati G, Uboldi F, Gala L. Patellofemoral instability: classification and imaging. Joints. 2013;1(2):7-14.","journal-title":"Joints"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035221075948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-007-0357-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-07255-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200407000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knipe H. Tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG distance). Accessed February 9 2024. Available at: https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/tibial-tuberosity-to-trochlear-groove-distance-tt-tg-distance?lang=us","DOI":"10.53347\/rID-177571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514562174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316241231586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Ngai SS Smitaman E Resnick D. Trochlear dysplasia. Accessed February 9 2024. Available at: https:\/\/radsource.us\/trochlear-dysplasia\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199701000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70012-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Roberts D Delgado J. Caton-Deschamps index (knee). Accessed February 9 2024. Available at: https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/caton-deschamps-index-knee?lang=us"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514563904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1677541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573218756866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2281"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465251320117","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03635465251320117","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465251320117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:19:39Z","timestamp":1779268779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03635465251320117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03635465251320117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465251320117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]}}}