{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:40:55Z","timestamp":1780879255610,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concussions remain a major concern in football. A qualitative video review can provide contextual evidence supporting changes in rules and coaching techniques aimed at reducing the risk of players sustaining a concussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify tackling techniques and characteristics associated with concussions to the tackling player.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A qualitative review of 51 concussions sustained by tacklers in National Football League (NFL) games between the 2015 and 2019 seasons as well as 96 control tackles was performed using video from multiple perspectives. For each concussive case, 1 to 3 nonconcussive control tackles were matched based on player trajectory and closing speed as determined from on-field player tracking data from Next Gen Stats. Cases and controls were coded for 20 different tackle techniques and characteristics. The data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression models, and the results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as well as adjusted and unadjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite attempting to match cases and controls based on closing velocity, closing velocity was significantly associated with the concussion risk in every logistic regression model. Predictors that had the greatest effect on the increased risk of concussions were \u201ctackler leading with helmet\u201d (OR, 5.18 [95% CI, 1.87-14.33]; false discovery rate [FDR]\u2013adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0032) and \u201ctackler primary loading\u201d being the helmet as opposed to the shoulder (OR, 4.61 [95% CI, 1.41-15.05]; FDR-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0000). Important factors associated with a reduced concussion risk were the tackler\u2019s \u201chead placed on correct side\u201d of the ball carrier (OR, 4.17 [95% CI, 1.58-11.01]; FDR-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0088) and \u201cball carrier primary loading,\u201d with the torso having the lowest risk relative to all other body segments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The less a tackler involved his helmet in a tackle, the lower his risk of sustaining a concussion. This study supports teaching players to place their heads on the correct side of the ball carrier (neither into the ball carrier nor into the path of the ball carrier) when tackling to reduce their risk of a concussion, and players should target the torso of the ball carrier as their primary contact point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251321005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T18:48:56Z","timestamp":1741114136000},"page":"1142-1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tackle Techniques and Characteristics Associated With a Concussion in Tackling Players in the National Football League"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8837-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Consulting and Research, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0973-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fintan","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5912-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy L.","family":"McMurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T.L. McMurry, LLC, Albany, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5329-8352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Consulting and Research, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Consulting and Research, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1145-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen","family":"Sills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Football League, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4666-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1046192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316231177207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518804498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02625-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"NFL Football Operations. 2020 NFL-NFLPA CBA (collective bargaining agreement): need to know. Available at: https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/inside-football-ops\/players-legends\/2020-nfl-nflpa-cba-need-to-know\/. Accessed May 1 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"NFL Football Operations. 2023 NFL Rulebook: 2023 rule changes. Available at: https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rulebook\/#2023-rule-changes. Accessed May 1 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"NFL Football Operations. 2023 NFL Rulebook: 2023 official playing rules of the National Football League. Rule 3: definitions. Section 35: tackling. Available at: https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rulebook\/#section-35-tackling. 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