{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:26:32Z","timestamp":1792221992921,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major League Baseball (MLB) recently instituted a combine for their prospective players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to report initial epidemiological findings for both physical examination and imaging findings for the MLB Combine. It was hypothesized that most players would have no significant abnormal physical examination findings, but most would have abnormal findings on their shoulder and elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive epidemiology study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All players who attended the 2023 MLB Combine were included. History was taken and physical examination was performed by an MLB team physician, and MRI of the shoulder, elbow, cervical spine, and lumbar spine was performed on all players and read by 1 of 2 musculoskeletal radiologists. Physical examination notes and imaging reports were reviewed by the authors and recorded. Data were analyzed separately for pitchers and position players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 219 players (112 pitchers [51%], 107 position players [49%]) were included. The mean age was 20.4 \u00b1 1.5 years. The majority of players (95%) had no current pain or limitations; 54 players (25%) had a history of previous surgery. For pitchers, 18% underwent previous elbow surgery. With regard to MRI, &gt;80% of pitchers had some abnormality within their ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), the majority of which was UCL scarring\/remodeling. 70% of pitchers and 60% of position players had evidence of an olecranon osteophyte. Increased signal within the ulnar nerve was common in pitchers (40%) but rare in position players (4%). For the shoulder, 95% of pitchers and 93% of position players had some rotator cuff abnormality (often tendinosis within the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles). Also, 75% of pitchers had MRI evidence of a superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tear, while 24% of position players demonstrated this. Lumbar spine MRI showed that 47% of position players had a disk protrusion and 46% had a previous pars fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most baseball players who participated in the 2023 MLB Combine had MRI evidence of rotator cuff abnormalities, and many showed evidence of an olecranon osteophyte. Eighteen percent of pitchers had a previous history of elbow surgery. The majority of pitchers had some abnormality within their UCL and evidence of a SLAP tear on MRI scans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251339773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:09:19Z","timestamp":1747652959000},"page":"1826-1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Musculoskeletal Findings of the Major League Baseball Combine: A Description of the \u201cNormal\u201d Prospective Professional Baseball Player"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwell Orthopaedics, Tarrytown, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major League Baseball Commissioner\u2019s Office, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major League Baseball Commissioner\u2019s Office, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major League Baseball Commissioner\u2019s Office, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major League Baseball Commissioner\u2019s Office, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek F.","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baptist Health, Tavernier, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Simon Med Imaging, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollis","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1275-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter N.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509332505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518765158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517719047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310051501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.01277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118818413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513491093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Major League Baseball. Inaugural Draft Combine set for June 21-28. MLB; 2021. Accessed April 30 2025. https:\/\/www.mlb.com\/news\/inaugural-mlb-draft-combine-dates-set"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519878141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"National Football Operations. NFL Scouting Combine. 2024. https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/journey-to-the-nfl\/the-next-generation-of-nfl-stars\/nfl-scouting-combine\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2207853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513518742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0636-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2015.08.005"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465251339773","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03635465251339773","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03635465251339773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:21:22Z","timestamp":1779268882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03635465251339773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03635465251339773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465251339773","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}