{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:59:23Z","timestamp":1793073563100,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strong Foundation Project of Hebei Medical University Third Hospital","award":["ydsyqjjh202510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ydsyqjjh202510"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fund of Hebei Medical University"},{"name":"Government Training Project for Clinical Medical Talents of Hebei Province","award":["ZF2023094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZF2023094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trochlear dysplasia is a critical risk factor for patellar instability, and existing animal models focus on indirect mechanical intervention and fail to replicate its pathological process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe a novel trochlear dysplasia model in rats and investigate changes in external morphology and internal architecture of the trochlea in this model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty immature 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to targeted injury of the anterior distal femoral epiphysis in the left knee, with the right knee used as the control group. All rats were evaluated by gross observation and micro\u2013computed tomography. Macroscopic measurements included sulcus angle (SA), trochlear groove depth (TGD), trochlear width, medial condylar height, lateral condylar height, medial trochlear inclination (MTI), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), and trochlear bump height. Trabecular microarchitectural parameters of the distal femoral epiphysis included bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BV\/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The surgical group exhibited growth arrest at the anterior distal femoral epiphysis and 4 distinct types of trochlear dysplastic manifestations with a flat, shallow trochlea and bump deformity at the entrance of the trochlea, whereas the control group showed normally deepened trochlear grooves. Compared with the control group, the surgical group had significantly larger SA (136.13\u00b0\u00b1 7.32\u00b0 vs 122.45\u00b0\u00b1 8.28\u00b0;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .020) and smaller TGD (0.49 \u00b1 0.15 mm vs 0.67 \u00b1 0.10 mm;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .033), MTI (17.15\u00b0\u00b1 7.96\u00b0 vs 24.32\u00b0\u00b1 4.27\u00b0;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .018), and LTI (26.72\u00b0\u00b1 4.72\u00b0 vs 34.65\u00b0\u00b1 6.04\u00b0;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .012). No significant differences were observed in BMD, BV\/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and Tb.Sp between the 2 groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel trochlear dysplasia animal model similar to humans was established in immature rats via targeted injury of the anterior distal femoral epiphysis, which exhibited growth arrest at the anterior distal femoral epiphysis and key pathological features of human trochlear dysplasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model is a potential platform for investigating the basic mechanisms of trochlear dysplasia and developing therapeutic treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  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Hebei, China"},{"name":"Hebei Province Joint Degeneration and Sports Injury Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingce","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Hebei Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Hebei Province Joint Degeneration and Sports Injury Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuepeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Hebei Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Hebei Province 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