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The pathogenesis of FAI remains unclear, and few animal models are available to study its mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate bone deformity formation, labrum, and articular cartilage injury induced by mechanical and exercise stimulation, and to establish an FAI model in New Zealand White rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>6-month-old (6M) and 1-month-old (1M) male rabbits were used. Three-dimensional printed polylactic acid scaffolds were surgically fixed to the acetabular rim, followed by postoperative treadmill training. Specimens were collected at 8 and 12 weeks. Bone deformities were assessed by micro-computed tomography. Histological evaluation included hematoxylin and eosin staining for morphology, Safranin O\/Fast Green (SO\/FG), and toluidine blue staining for proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan deposition, and immunofluorescence for SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), aggrecan (ACAN), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) expression. Mechanical properties of the labrum and cartilage were evaluated by nanoindentation, with the Young\u2019s modulus as the stiffness parameter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gross evaluation (control [Ctrl] vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0001) and micro-CT revealed significant bone deformities and cartilage damage in the FAI group. SO\/FG staining showed reduced proteoglycan deposition (Ctrl vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0001, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0006), accompanied by decreased SOX9 (Sham vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001), ACAN (Sham vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0392, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001) expression, and increased RUNX2 (Sham vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0007, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0014) and CD31 (Sham vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0018, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0071) expression. The Young\u2019s modulus of both the labrum (Ctrl vs FAI, 6M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001, 1M:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0061) and femoral head cartilage was reduced.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A stable, reproducible, and easily operable rabbit model of FAI was established using combined mechanical and exercise stimulation, providing a practical platform for investigating the pathogenesis of FAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FAI animal models established through acetabular overcoverage surgery are expected to provide an effective tool for subsequent research into the pathogenesis of FAI, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for its early targeted treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465261428126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T11:58:16Z","timestamp":1775303896000},"page":"1654-1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Femoroacetabular Impingement Rabbit Model Induced by Exercise and Mechanical Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3670-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cancan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Drugs and Medical Devices in Precision Diagnosis and 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