{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:20:12Z","timestamp":1787808012080,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,11,1]],"date-time":"1981-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":373420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This report on fractures and refractures in intercolle giate athletes covers an 11-year period from the early Fall of 1968 through the Spring of 1979. Two hundred thirty-one fractures occurred in 219 athletes. Of these athletes, 185 were male and 34 were female.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Fractures occurred in 18 sports. Of these 18, foot ball, basketball, wrestling, and soccer led in number for Men's (M) teams, and gymnastics, lacrosse, and volleyball led for Ladies' (L) teams. (Because of this institution's early involvement with Title IX, and the strong position taken by our administration, our teams are designated Gentlemen (Men for short), which con stitute the LIONS, and Ladies, which make up the LADY LIONS.) No fractures were noted in the other 11 intercollegiate teams of cheerleading (M and L), bowling (M and L), golf (M and L), fencing (L), rifle (coed), tennis (M and L), and volleyball (M). Boxing, ice hockey, rugby, soccer, and synchronized swim ming are club sports at the Pennsylvania State Uni versity and are not included in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The most common of the 17 fracture sites were the finger, hand, face, foot, nose, and leg, regardless of sport or gender. Fourteen of fifteen refractures oc curred in collision \/contact sports, and essentially the same mechanical forces caused both fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In football most fractures occurred during highly successful seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658100900606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"369-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fractures and refractures in intercollegiate athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Whiteside","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, College of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Fleagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, College of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kalenak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, College of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Gardiner EN Athletes of the Ancient World London, Oxford University Press, 1930, p 152"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Clarke KS, Alles WF, Powell JW An epidemiological examination of the association of selected products with related injuries in football The National Athletic Injury\/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) Washington, DC, US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1975- 1977, CPSC-C-77-0039"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Powell JW Intercollegiate fractures National Athletic Injury\/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University, 1979, CPSC-C-77-039, CPSC-C-75-0050"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Blazina ME, Fox JM, Carlson GS Basketball injuries In Medical Aspects of Sports Chicago , American Medical Association, 1974, edited by Craig TT, pp 50-52"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700312"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600407"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1979.11710899"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Rowlands J. Sport injuries in a private general practice J R Coll Gen Pract 21 601-603, 1971"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700407"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.61.3.465"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280480037016"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1980.11948586"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin GJ, Roger KD, Reese G. Injuries in high school physical education classes Am J Dis Child 134 456-458, 1980","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1980.02130170006003"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700610"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600304"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06208.x"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1978.11948406"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Thorndike A. Fractures and dislocation In Athletic Injuries Philadelphia , Lea and Febiger , 1962, fifth edition, pp 101-114"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/117.1.33"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700309"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860060-00008"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelko RR, Torg JS, Rachun A. Proximal diaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal Treatment of the fracture and their complications in athletes Am J Sports Med 7 97-101, 1979","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700205"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Jones R. Fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone by direct violence Ann Surg 35 697-700, 1902"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Wharton HR Fracture of the proximal end of the fifth metatarsal Transactions of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, February 3, 1980, pp 824-826"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557060-00010"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800212"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800221"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"McLaughlin HL Injuries of the foot In Trauma Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1959 , volume 11, pp 299-332"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"O'Donoghue DH Injuries to the foot In Treatment of Injuries to Athletes Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1979, third edition, volume 21, pp 747-790"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30682-9"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-68-5-326"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-68-5-317"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Stewart IM Jones fracture fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal Clin Orthop 16 190-198, 1960"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657700500405"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(77)90046-X"},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Johnson LC Application of basic sciences to clinical problems In Bone Biodynamics Henry Ford Hospital International Symposium Boston, Little, Brown, and Co, 1964, edited by Frost HM, Section 5, pp 560-595, 607-654"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norfray JF, Schlacter L., Kernahan WT, et al Early confirmation of stress fractures in joggers JAMA 234 1647-1649, 1980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.243.16.1647"},{"key":"atypb38","unstructured":"Telfer N. Radionuclide bone imaging in stress fractures West J Med 129 414, 1978"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657400200203"},{"key":"atypb40","unstructured":"Hippocrates On fractures and on the articulations In Hippocratic Writings from Great Books of the Western World Translated by Frances Adams Chicago, William Benton , 1952, edited by Hutchins RN, Book 10, pp 74-121"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(77)90084-7"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, III, AA, Panjabi MM, Southwick WO The four biomechanical stages of fracture repair J Bone Joint Surg 59A 188-192, 1977","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759020-00009"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyes FR Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization Ciln Orthop 123 210-242, 1977","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197703000-00064"},{"key":"atypb44","unstructured":"Orava S., Puranen J., Ala-Ketola L. 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