{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:31:08Z","timestamp":1777386668017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,1]],"date-time":"1982-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":378691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An experiment was conducted to ascertain the effec tiveness of commercially available baseball headgear in a simulated environment where the head of the batter is struck. Using a compressed air cannon, baseballs were fired at an instrumented headform at frontal and temporal locations with and without a helmet. Striking velocities ranged from 50 to 120 mph and rebound velocities were 1\/3 to \u00bd of that of the initial speed. Additional impact tests were conducted on equivalent flat helmet sections backed by a rigid steel plate, the results of which seemed to indicate that the materials and configurations currently em ployed do little to dissipate the energy of the striker. Head accelerations in excess of 1,000 G were mea sured, but quantitative injury potential could not be assessed since no applicable tolerances currently ex ist. We concluded that the incorporation of additional external padding on the plastic shell of the helmet and\/or modifications of the suspension would signifi cantly improve the energy absorption capabilities of the helmet and further minimize the possibility of head trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"31-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Performance of baseball headgear"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Werner","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Michael","family":"Kabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1982,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196405000-00005"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Snively GC, Chichester CO: Evaluation and design criteria of protective headgear. Proceedings of the Fifth Stapp Automotive Crash and Field Demonstration Conference (1961). Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1962, pp 182-190"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Schneider RC: Head and Neck Injuries In Football. Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Co, 1973, pp 228-240"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"American National Standards Institute, New York. American national standard safety requirements for vehicular helmets, ANSI Z 90.1, 1971"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, Part 571, Federal motor vehicle safety standards\u2014motorcycle helmets. Federal Register, volume 38, No. 160, 22390, August, 1973"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"American National Standards Institute, New York. American standard safety requirements for industrial head protection, ANSI Z 89.1, 1969"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith W. : Some aspects of head injury and protection . in Progress In Biomechanics. Edited by Akkas N Alpen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, Sijthoff & Noordhoff , 1979, pp 333-377","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9562-8_11"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Gurdjian ES : Impact Head Injury. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1975,pp113-121,276-357"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050430174029"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Kornhauser M. : Structural Effects of Impact. Baltimore, Spartan Books, 1964, pp 82-95"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"McWhirter N, editor: 1980 Guiness Book of Records. New York, Sterling Publishing Co, 1980, p 516"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(74)90061-7"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Versace J.: A review of the severity index. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference. New York, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1971 , pp 771-796"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658201000108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658201000108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:36:52Z","timestamp":1777369012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658201000108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658201000108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658201000108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,1]]}}}