{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:23:04Z","timestamp":1791397384897,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1982,5,1]],"date-time":"1982-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":389059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although almost always a benign, self-limiting disease, infectious mononucleosis accounts for considerable symptomatic illness in the young athlete and can, on occasion, be truly life-threatening. Recognition of the syndrome \"glandular fever,\" vis-a-vis infectious mononucleosis\u2014fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopa thy, and splenomegaly, with characteristic changes in the peripheral blood leukocytes\u2014dates back over a half a century. However, seroepidemiologic studies have only recently established its viral causation and epidemiology. This acute infection by the Epstein-Barr virus is unique pathophysiologically\u2014an acute, self- limiting, lymphoproliferative disorder with autoimmune features\u2014and may well be the cause or one of the causes of several malignant neoplasms, Burkitt's lym phoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review (1) describes infectious mononucleosis, pathophysiologically, clinically, and epidemiologically; and outlines its most frequent and serious complica tions ; (2) discusses how to reliably diagnose infectious mononucleosis and evaluate the heterophile-negative case; and (3) addresses management, especially the thorny issues of the use of corticosteroids and restric tion from athletic training and participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"162-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Infectious mononucleosis in the athlete"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dennis G.","family":"Maki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Section and the Center for Trauma and Life Support, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Section and the Center for Trauma and Life Support, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1982,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederman JC , McCollum RW, Henle G., et al: Infectious mononucleosis: clinical manifestations in relation to EB virus antibodies. JAMA 203 139-142,1968","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140030037009"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196811212792101"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(74)80006-7"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197811000-00010"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90874-X"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Editorial: Immunopathology of infections mononucleosis Lancet 2 712-714, 1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92544-0"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter RL Infectious mononucleosis model for self-limiting lymphoprofileration Lancet 1 846-850, 1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)93014-7"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1966.tb05633.x"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Sutton Rnp, Emond Rtd, Thomas DB, et al: The occurrence of auto-antibodies in infectious mononucleosis Clin Exp Immunol 17 427-436, 1974"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197411282912202"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197402142900704"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92004-8"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197507102930202"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.2.187"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197512252932607"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Joncas PR Infectious Mononucleosis Proceedings of Symposium, New York, April 7, 1972 Edited by PR Glade Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co. 1973, pp 56-59"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/121.3.303"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamir D., Benderly A., Levy J., et al: Infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus in childhood Pediatrics 53 330-335, 1974","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.53.3.330"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumaya CV Primary Epstein-Barr virus infections in children Pediatrics 59 16-21, 1977","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.1.16"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002122820704"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121369"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121444"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/123.3.263"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Hallee TJ, Evans AS, Niederman JC, et al: Infectious mononucleosis at the United States Military Academy A prospective study of a single class over four years Yale J Biol Med 3 182-195, 1974"},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Hoagland RJ Infectious Mononucleosis, New York, Grune & Stratton, 1967"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Finch SC: Clinical symptoms and signs of infectious mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis , Edited by RL Carter, HG Penman Oxford, Blackwell, Oxford, 1969 pp 19-46"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195810000-00006"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5339.1187"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90369-7"},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"Carter JW, Edson RS, Kennedy CC: Infectious mononucleosis in the older patient Mayo Clin Proc 53 146-150, 1978"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch SC: Laboratory findings in infectious mononucleosis. Infectious Mononucleosis Edited by RL Carter, HG Penman Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1969 pp 47-62","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576906201237"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.19.3.279"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(62)90023-2"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Davidsohn I. , Lee CL The clinical serology of infectious mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis Edited by RL Carter , HG Penman Oxford , Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1969 pp 177-200"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.5.546"},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Golubjatnikov R., Koehler JE, Inhorn SL Absorbed heterophile and oxcell hemolysin test in serodiagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Health Lab Sci 12 201-207, 1975"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Kippley JH, Bowman HE Infectious mononucleosis test performance on CAP survey specimens Am J Clin Pathol 72 363-364, 1979"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197704000-00021"},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"Dalrymple W. : Infectious mononucleosis and athletic participation J Am Coll Health Assoc 14-15 257-259, 1965"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170260036009"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender CE: Recurrent mononucleosis JAMA 182 954-956, 1962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050480060015e"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90682-0"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheehan GA: (Letter to Editor) Infectious mononucleosis in athletes JAMA 220 864, 1972","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200060088026"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(75)90599-9"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.23.9.765"},{"key":"atypb46","unstructured":"Evans AS: Complications of infectious mononucleosis: recognition and management Hosp Med 3 24-33, 1967"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V1.4.317.317"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-46-6-1184"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"York WH Spontaneous rupture of the spleen JAMA 1979 178-180, 1962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050150083024"},{"key":"atypb50","unstructured":"Snvastava KP , Quinlan EC, Casey TV: Spontaneous rupture of the spleen secondary to infectious mononucleosis Int Surg 57. 171-173, 1972"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1978.01370180060007"},{"key":"atypb52","unstructured":"Frelinger DP : The rupture spleen in college atheletes: a preliminary report. J Am Coll Health Assoc 26 217, 1978"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutgesell HP Jr: (Letter to Editor) Acute airway obstruction in infectious mononucleosis. Pediatrics 47 141-143, 1971","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.47.1.141"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5794.219"},{"key":"atypb55","unstructured":"Worlledge SM, Dacie JV Hemolytic and other anemias in infectious mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis Edited by RL Carter, HG Penman Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1969 pp 82-98"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke BF, Davies SH: Severe thrombocytopenia in infectious mononucleosis. Am J Med Sci 248 115-120, 1964","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196412000-00011"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90198-8"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03270140045023"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197905000-00006"},{"key":"atypb60","unstructured":"Hammond WP, Harlan JM, Steinberg SE: Severe neutropenia in infectious mononucleosis. West J Med 131 92-97, 1979"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnell RG, Dyck PJ, Bowie E J W , et al: Infectious mononucleosis: neurologic and EEG findings Medicine 45 51-63, 1966","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196601000-00002"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920804"},{"key":"atypb63","unstructured":"Chang MY, Campbell WG Jr Fatal infectious mononucleosis association with liver necrosis and herpes-like virus particles Arch Pathol 99 185-191, 1975"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.72.4.535"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03260500042028"},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"McKenzie H. , Parratt D., White RG: IgM and IgG antibody levels to ampicillin in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Clin Exp Immunol 26 214-221,1976"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91893-4"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pullen H., Wright N., Murdoch JM: (Letter to Editor) Hypersensitivity to the pencillins Lancet 1 1090, 1968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91440-2"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel PM: Skin rash with infectious mononucleosis and ampicillin Pediatrics 40 910-911, 1967","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.40.5.910"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/121.6.608"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1970.2.issue-1.05"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1980.12.issue-4.05"},{"key":"atypb73","unstructured":"Perry JF Jr, Strate RG: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma: indications and results Surgery 71 898-901, 1972"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1972.04180040150026"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/118.2.411"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.136.1.111"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(78)80002-5"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/93.2.367"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antila V., Makela TE, Klemola E. Corticotropin in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis Acta Med Scand 171 345-348, 1962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1962.tb04197.x"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-58-2-217"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breen GE, Talukdar PK Corticosteroids in the acute infections. Lancet 1 158-160,1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91109-8"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1967.03120080063009"},{"key":"atypb83","unstructured":"Roller MC: Infectious mononucleosis J Indiana State Med Assoc 60 32-35, 1967"},{"key":"atypb84","unstructured":"Prout C., Dalrymple W.: A double-blind study of eighty-two cases of infectious mononucleosis treated with corticosteroids. J AM Coll Health Assoc 14-15 65-67, 1965"},{"key":"atypb85","unstructured":"Klein E., Cochran JF, Buck RL: The effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy on the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis pharyngotonsillitis a double-blind study J Am Coll Health Assoc 17 446-452, 1969"},{"key":"atypb86","unstructured":"Bolden KJ: Corticosteroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis. J R Coll Gen Pract 22 87-95, 1972"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1964.11695075"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103164"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196912182812504"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan AJ, Evans AS, Hoagland RJ, et al: Infectious mononucleosis in athletes Physician Sportsmed 6: 1978","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1978.11710678"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer TE: The health examination for participation in sport. Pediatr Ann 7 666-675, 1978","DOI":"10.3928\/00904481-19781001-07"},{"key":"atypb92","unstructured":"Holzbach RT, Clark RE, Shipley RA, et al: Evaluation of spleen size by radioactive scanning J Lab Clin Med 60 902-913, 1962"},{"key":"atypb93","unstructured":"Riemenschneider PA, Whalen JP The relative accuracy of estimation of enlargement of the liver and spleen by radiologic and clinical methods AJR 94 462-468, 1965"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/86.1.73"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517109080197"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-2-185"},{"key":"atypb97","unstructured":"Sigel RM, Becker DV, Hurley JR Evaluation of spleen size during routine liver imaging with 99mTc and the scintillation camera J Nucl Med 11. 689-692, 1970"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-66-2-301"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658201000308","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658201000308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:36:58Z","timestamp":1777369018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658201000308"}},"subtitle":["Diagnosis, Complications, and Management"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658201000308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658201000308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,5]]}}}