{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:38:47Z","timestamp":1777387127326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1986,1,1]],"date-time":"1986-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":504921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of glenohumeral joint motion has, for the most part, been performed with the simple goniometer. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for measuring and recording static and dynamic external rotation of the glenohumeral joint using the Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer and an MFE model 815 X-Y plotter. Static range of motion was assessed at 60 deg\/ sec using a slow arm action externally from a 90\u00b0 abduction position. Dynamic motion was recorded at 300 deg\/sec using a rapid rotational whipping action from a 90\u00b0 abducted position.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Measurements were recorded on three groups of athletes, and the influences of sex, hand dominance, overarm activity, and surgery were analyzed. The sub jects in the first two groups were divided according to sex and their participation in overarm versus nonover arm (control) activities. Static and dynamic motion in both groups was significantly influenced by sex and hand dominance (P &lt; 0.05). Although there was no overall difference in the motion measurements between the control and overarm groups, the interaction of this factor with sex and type of measurement was signifi cant. Males who participated in overarm activities had, on the average, more static range of motion than males in the control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A third group that had undergone a modified Bristow procedure for recurrent dislocation\/subluxation of the shoulder demonstrated that static and dynamic range of motion were significantly reduced by the surgery (P &lt; 0.05). The average differences in static and dynamic motion between the surgical arm and its nonsurgical counterpart were 17.5\u00b0 and 21\u00b0, respectively, resulting in an overall range of motion difference of 19\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer and X-Y plotter provided a viable mechanical means of receiving and recording the full external rotation motion potentials of the limbs at varying speeds of movement. A combina tion of both static and dynamic measurement tech niques can provide a more quantitative assessment of the functional range available at the glenohumeral joint based on slow and high speed movement capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"12-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A preliminary study on the measurement of static and dynamic motion at the glenohumeral joint"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Bonci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Sports Medicine Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Hensal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Sports Medicine Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Torg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Sports Medicine Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/3.3.253"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Joint Motion. Methods of Measuring and Recording Chicago, Amencan Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1965"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwater AE Biomechanics of overarm throwing movements and of throwing injuries , in Hutton RS, Miller DI (eds) Exercise and Sport Science Reviews Philadelphia, Franklin Institute Press 1979 , Vol 7, pp 43-85","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197900070-00004"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961050-00017"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/54.5.474"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/14.1.39"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Cybex \/\/ Testing Protocol Bayshore, NY, Lumex Corporation, 1981"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Doody SG, Waterland JC, Freedman L. Scapulo-humeral goniometer Arch Phys Med Rehabil 51 711-713,1970"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Esch D., Lepley M. Evaluation of Joint Motion Methods of Measurements and Recording Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press , 1971"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197501000-00026"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Hoppenfield S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities . New York, Apple-Century-Crofts , 1976, pp 20-25"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Leighton Jra An instrument and technic for the measurement of the range of joint motion Arch Phys Med 36 571, 1955"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658020-00018"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200208"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Moore MM Clinical assessment of joint motion in therapeutic exercise, in Basmajian JV (ed) Therapeutic Exercise Third edition Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1978, pp 151-190"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapega AA, Torg JS, Drillings G., et al. Modifications for enhanced data collection and analysis with the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer Phys Sportsmed 11 103-110, 1983","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1983.11708459"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658601400103","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658601400103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:38:00Z","timestamp":1777369080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658601400103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658601400103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658601400103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]}}}