{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:30:11Z","timestamp":1781299811383,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]],"date-time":"1987-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":546825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Elbow injuries are common in baseball pitchers. Curve balls are thought to increase this risk, particularly if the athlete begins throwing this pitch at an early age. The purpose of this paper is to identify forearm muscle firing patterns during the pitching cycle in an effort to under stand this etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Dynamic EMG was performed on eight collegiate pitchers to evaluate extensor digitorum communis, brachioradialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, pronator teres, and supinator. Each subject threw a fast ball and curve ball, which were filmed at 450 frames per second and synchronized with the EMG. These signals were converted from analog to digital records. Results showed low to moderate activity in all muscles during all phases of the pitch. The function is probably positioning to accept the transfer of energy from the larger trunk and girdle structures. The most notable difference between the fast ball and curve ball is a slight increase in the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis activity during late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through of the curve ball as compared to the fast ball. This differ ence, however, is not significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between the fast ball and the curve ball in the flexor-pronator group in any phase. We cannot substantiate that medial elbow problems are a result of an increase in the use of flexor muscles during the curve ball pitch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"260-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in pitching"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Domenick J.","family":"Sisto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic and the Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank W.","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic and the Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane Radovich","family":"Moynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic and the Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic and the Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600104"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Basmajian JV Muscles Alive. Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1967"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeHaven KE, Evarts CE Throwing injuries of the elbow in athletes. Orthop Clin North Am 3: 801-808, 1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32352-X"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Fanton GS, Jobe FW: Injuries to the elbow in athletes. Orthop Surg Update Series, CPEC, Princton, NJ, Vol 2, Lesson 31, 1983, pp 1-7"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400501"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100102"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200310"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Jobe FW, Moynes DR: The Official Little League Fitness Guide. New York , Simon and Schuster, 1984, p 69"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400502"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappas AM: Elbow problems associated with baseball during childhood and adolescence . Clin Orthop 164 30-41, 1982","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198204000-00009"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torg JS, Pollack H., Sweterlitsch P. The effect of competitive pitching on the shoulders and elbows of pre-adolescent baseball players. Pediatrics 49: 267, 1972","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.49.2.267"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658701500314","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658701500314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:38:28Z","timestamp":1777369108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658701500314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,5]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658701500314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658701500314","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,5]]}}}