{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1791973498248,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,1,1]],"date-time":"1988-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":567993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the biomechanical failure prop erties of five architecturally different skeletal muscles and examines the role muscle structure plays in the passive extension characteristics of musculotendinous units. The muscles used in this study fall into four morphologic categories: fusiform, unipennate, bipen nate, and multipennate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Each muscle was pulled to failure at three different rates of strain (1, 10, and 100 cm\/min). Specimens of fusiform, unipennate, and bipennate muscles were pulled from their proximal as well as distal attachments. The relationship of elongation to failure of the entire musculotendinous unit to resting muscle fiber length was examined to determine the effect of angle of pennation and fiber length on the failure properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that all four muscle types tested show injury and rupture at the musculotendinous junction whether pulled from proximal or distal attach ment, regardless of muscle structure and rate of strain. There was a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.005) in the degree of elongation to failure relative to resting muscle fiber length, with a tendency to greater elongation relative to fiber length for muscles with more pennate structure (tibialis anterior, 72.7% \u00b1 1.0%; ex tensor digitorum longus, 113.1% \u00b1 3.5%; rectus fem oris, 225.5% \u00b1 3.7% elongation in percent resting fiber length).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"7-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The effect of muscle architecture on the biomechanical failure properties of skeletal muscle under passive extension"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"suffix":"JR","given":"William E.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pantelis K.","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth M.","family":"Ribbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Glisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony V.","family":"Seaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000145668"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Almekinders LC Garrett WE Jr, Seaber AV Pathophysiologic response to muscle tears in stretching injuries Trans ORS 9 307, 1984"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Almekinders LC, Garrett WE Jr, Seaber AV Histopathology of muscle tears in stretching injuries Trans ORS 9 306, 1984"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400411"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Anzel SH, Covery KW, Weiner AD, et al Disruption of muscles and tendons An analysis of 1014 cases Surgery 45 406-414, 1959"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Arner O., Lindholm A. What is tennis leg ? Acta Chir Scand 116 73-75, 1958"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Brewer BJ Mechanisms of injury to the musculotendinous unit Instr Lect Am Acad Ortho Surg 17 354-358, 1960"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1950.tb00744.x"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Garrett WE Jr, Almekinders LC, Seaber AV Biomechanics of muscle tears in stretching injuries Trans ORS 9 384, 1984"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon AF, Huxley AF, Julian FJ Tension development in highly stretched muscle fibers J Physiol (Lond) 184 152-169, 1966","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007908"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanak H., Bock P. Die Feinstruktur der muskel-schnenverbindung von skelettund herzmusk J Ultrastr Res 36 65-85, 1971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(71)80089-8"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1961.sp006665"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00519878"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Macdonald BL , Bolesta MJ, Seaber AV, et al Hydroxyprohne quantitation in normal muscle and denervated muscle after immediate and delayed nerve repair Trans ORS 11 186, 1986"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"McMaster PE Tendon and muscle ruptures Clinical and experimental studies on the causes and location of subcutaneous ruptures J Bone Joint Surg 15 705-722, 1933"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657700500505"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Nikolaou PK , Macdonald BL, Seaber AV, et al Muscle recovery after controlled strain injury Biomechanical and histological evaluation Trans ORS 11 225, 1986"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500102"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030150103"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(73)85967-3"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzacher von HG Untersuchungen uber die skeletmuskel - schnenverbindung Acta Anatomica 40 49-86, 1960","DOI":"10.1159\/000141572"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092010209"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trotter JA, Eberhard S., Samora A. Structural domains of the muscle-tendon junction I The internal lamina and the connecting domain Anat Rec 207 543-591, 1983","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092070406"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198310000-00042"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams PE , Goldspink G. Longitudinal growth of striated muscle fibers J Cell Sci 9 751-767, 1971","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.9.3.751"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Williams PE , Goldspink G. The effect of immobilization on the longitundinal growth of straited muscle fibers J Anat 116 45-55, 1973"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Williams PE , Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle J Anat 127 459-468, 1978"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658801600102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658801600102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:38:41Z","timestamp":1777369121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658801600102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658801600102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658801600102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]}}}