{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:22:51Z","timestamp":1792660971513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,3,1]],"date-time":"1989-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":604713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,3]]},"abstract":"\n Treadmill walking\/jogging in water is a potentially useful therapeutic modality. Since energy costs of this activity are unknown, we compared oxygen consumption (VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) of treadmill walking\/jogging in water to a dry treadmill at speeds of 40.23 to 160.9 meters\/min (m\/m) in 13.4 m\/m increments in 11 subjects. At speeds \u226553.6 m\/m, ankle depth, below knee, midthigh, and waist depth walking\/jogging in water significantly elevated VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and heart rate (HR) above dry treadmill walking (P < 0.05). At speeds \u2265134.1 m\/m, VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n of waist depth jogging was not significantly greater than dry jogging. These findings showed no gender specificity. Treadmill walk ing\/jogging in waist depth water at temperatures of 30.5\u00b0C and 36.1 \u00b0C was compared to dry treadmill walking in five subjects. The rate of increase of HR compared to VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n was significantly greater at 30.5\u00b0C than dry walking, and greater at 36.1\u00b0 C than 30.5\u00b0C (P < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Treadmill walking in water can double the oxygen cost of movement depending on the depth and speed, and the response to increasing speed is nonlinear. Water temperature affects the relationship of HR to VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n at waist depth, suggesting that water temperature can add a significant thermal load to the cardiovascular system. Metabolic and cardiovascular demands of treadmill walking\/jogging in water must be considered when using this modality since greater external work results at much lower speeds than on land.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"248-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gilbert W.","family":"Gleim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"\u00c5strand PO, Rodahl K.: Textbook of Work Physiology. Second edition New York, McGraw Hill, 1977, p 584"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422164"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costill DL Effects of water temperature on aerobic working capacity Res Q 39: 67-73, 1968","DOI":"10.1080\/10671188.1968.10616531"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig AB, Dvorak M.: Comparison of exercise in air and in water of different temperatures . Med Sci Sports 1: 124-130, 1969","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-196909000-00005"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans BW, Cureton KJ, Purvis JW Metabolic and circulatory responses to walking and Jogging in water . Res Q 49. 442-449, 1978","DOI":"10.1080\/10671315.1978.10615558"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1971.31.3.472"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.2.367"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadel ER Temperature regulation and hyperthermia during exercise Clin Chest Med 5. 13-20, 1984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00228-8"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00581289"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1974.54.1.75"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060208"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.10.1501"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Winer BJ: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. Second edition. New York, McGraw Hill, 1971, pp 261-273"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658901700216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658901700216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:35:22Z","timestamp":1777368922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658901700216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658901700216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658901700216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,3]]}}}