{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:25:22Z","timestamp":1777386322090,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,7,1]],"date-time":"1989-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":615254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Overuse injuries represent the largest percentage of sports-related injuries requiring medical treatment. These injuries represent a substantial health issue for the millions of adults who have made physical activity an integral part of their lifestyle, but may be even more important to those pursuing ultraendurance exercise. The purposes of this study were to report the type and incidence of overuse injuries in ultraendurance triath letes and to relate training practices to injury occur rence. Data was gathered from the responses of 95 competitors (75 men, 20 women) in the 1986 Hawaii Ironman Triathlon who completed a training and medical history questionnaire. In this sample, virtually all (91 %) sustained at least one soft tissue, overuse injury during the previous year's training. The area of the body most frequently involved was the back, but the most common pattern was to have multiple areas involved. Because of the consistent combinations of injuries, mechanical abnormalities, such as diminished shock absorption, may have contributed to injury. Training habits were extremely variable and not directly related to either the incidence or type of injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"514-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Overuse injuries in ultraendurance triathietes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mary L.","family":"O'Toole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, and Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Douglas B.","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, and Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, and Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. David","family":"Sisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, and Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31443-5"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1980.11710933"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700216"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700216"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400211"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600202"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Levy CM, Kolin E., Berson BL Cross training risk or benefit? An evaluation of injuries in four athlete populations Sports Med Clin Forum 3: 1-8, 1986"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Levy CM, Kolin E., Berson BL The effect of cross training on injury ncidence, duration, and severity (part 2). Sports Med Clin Forum 3. 1-8, 1986"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massimino FA , Armstrong MA, Hiller Wdb, et al Training and injury patterns in triathletes (abstract). Med Scl Sports Exerc Suppl 18. S86, 1986","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198604001-00424"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheli LJ Lower extremity overuse injuries. Acta Med Scan (Suppl) 711: 171-177,1986","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb08947.x"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1984.11701744"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"O'Toole ML, Hiller Wdb, Massimino FA, et al Medical considerations in triathletes A preliminary report from the Hawall Ironman, 1984 NZ J Sports Med 13 35-37, 1985"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagliano JW, Jackson DW A clinical study of 3000 long distance runners. Sports Medicine Hawall Symposium I Campbell Soup Co , Camden NJ October 1984","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198404000-00220"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock ML, Cureton TK, Greninger L. Effects of frequency of training on work capacity, cardiovascular function, and body composition of adult men. Med Sci Sports 1. 70-72, 1969","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-196906000-00003"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198401000-00002"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90031-8"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138245"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658901700411","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354658901700411","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:35:35Z","timestamp":1777368935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354658901700411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354658901700411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658901700411","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]}}}