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Steroid efficacy studies only examine the anabolic effects of individual drugs. However, these 20 steroid users consistently practiced polypharmacy. During steroid use cycles lasting between 7 and 14 weeks, athletes commonly used two or three oral agents and two long-acting injectable products. Dos ages of oral preparations tended to be similar to those used in efficacy studies, whereas dosages of the long- acting injectable agents were approximately three to eight times greater than those used in controlled stud ies. Subjects reported significant increases in body weight and strength. In addition, mental status changes were reported that included symptoms of depression, hostility, aggression, and paranoia. Based on the pat tern of anabolic steroid use currently being practiced in the United States, it is apparent that past efficacy and toxicology studies are of limited value in delineating the benefits and hazards of these drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"422-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen H.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Ariel G. 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