{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1790942553369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,5,1]],"date-time":"1992-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":704678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromyography and high-speed film were used to examine the muscle activity in the elbows of pitchers with medial collateral ligament insufficiency compared to the activity in uninjured elbows. Ten competitive baseball pitchers with medial collateral insufficiency and 30 uninjured competitive pitchers were tested while throwing the fastball and the curveball. The extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus in the injured pitchers showed greater activity than in the uninjured pitchers for both pitches. The triceps, flexor carpi radialis, and pronator teres all showed less activity in the injured pitchers during the fastball, but only the triceps had less activity during the curveball. The differences were seen during the late cocking and acceleration phases, which place the greatest stress on the medial collateral ligament. If the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres were substituting for the deficient medial collateral lig ament and functioning as dynamic stabilizers, one would expect enhanced muscle activity. However, the opposite was found. This pattern of asynchronous mus cle action with medial collateral ligament injury may predispose the joint to further injury. The muscular differences seen are critical to the understanding of the pathomechanics of patients with medial collateral liga ment deficiency, and provide a basis for rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"311-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in normal and injured pitchers with medial collateral ligament insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ronald E.","family":"Glousman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank W.","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelin","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Pink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Inglewood, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Anderson JE: Grant's Atlas of Anatomy. Eighth edition. Baltimore , Williams & Wilkins, 1983"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwater AE: Biomechanics of overarm throwing movements and of throwing injuries . Exerc Sports Sci Rev 7: 43-85, 1980","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197900070-00004"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":". Basmajian Jv : Muscles Alive, Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins , 1978"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsb.2.4.235"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870020-00009"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668080-00004"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Ketlinski R. : How is a curveball thrown? Athletic Journal 51 (5): 54, 75-76, 1971"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100506"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Roberts EM: Cinematography in biomechanical investigation, in Cooper JM (ed): Proceedings of the C.I.C. Symposium on Biomechanics. Chicago, The Athletic Institute, 1971, pp 41-50"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab GH, Bennett JB, Woods GW, et al: Biomechanics of elbow instability: The role of the medial collateral ligament. Clin Orthop 146: 42-52, 1980","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198001000-00007"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500314"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Sutton D.: How to Throw a Curveball. (Rifflex: A movie in your pocket). Chicago, Fellet Publishing Co, 1977"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Tarbell T.: Some biomechanical aspects of the overhand throw, in Cooper JM (ed): Biomechanics Proceedings of the C.i.C. Symposium on Biomechanics. Chicago, The Athletic Institute, 1971, pp 71-81"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354659202000313","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354659202000313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:37:34Z","timestamp":1777369054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354659202000313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354659202000313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354659202000313","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,5]]}}}