{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:26:13Z","timestamp":1793514373649,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]],"date-time":"1995-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":794016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Elbow and shoulder kinetics for 26 highly skilled, healthy adult pitchers were calculated using high-speed motion analysis. Two critical instants were 1) shortly before the arm reached maximum external rotation, when 67 N-m of shoulder internal rotation torque and 64 N-m of elbow varus torque were generated, and 2) shortly after ball release, when 1090 N of shoulder com pressive force was produced. Inability to generate suf ficient elbow varus torque may result in medial tension, lateral compression, or posteromedial impingement in jury. At the glenohumeral joint, compressive force, joint laxity, and 380 N of anterior force during arm cocking can lead to anterior glenoid labral tear. Rapid internal rotation in combination with these forces can produce a grinding injury factor on the labrum. After ball release, 400 N of posterior force, 1090 N of compressive force, and 97 N-m of horizontal abduction torque are gener ated at the shoulder; contribution of rotator cuff muscles in generating these loads may result in cuff tensile fail ure. Horizontal adduction, internal rotation, and superior translation of the abducted humerus may cause sub acromial impingement. Tension in the biceps tendon, due to muscle contraction for both elbow flexion torque and shoulder compressive force, may tear the antero superior labrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"233-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1301,"title":["Kinetics of Baseball Pitching with Implications About Injury Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Glenn S.","family":"Fleisig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Dillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael F.","family":"Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013611-198804000-00012"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300508"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30591-3"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197900070-00004"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600604"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clauser CE, McConville JT, Young JW: Weight, Volume, and Center of Mass of Segments of the Human Body Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-70, 1969","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0710622"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90051-9"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Dempster WT Space Requirements of the Seated Operator Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, Wnght Air Development Center, WADC-TR-55-159, 1955"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80011-6"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Werner SL, et al. 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