{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:00:30Z","timestamp":1792130430037,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]],"date-time":"1995-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":809913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many pitching injuries occur during deceleration of the upper extremity when the muscles of the shoulder and arm are acting eccentrically. Published information re garding eccentric muscular strength in baseball pitchers is nonexistent. The purpose of this study was to assess bilateral isokinetic eccentric and concentric muscular strength of the shoulder's external and internal rotator muscles and the elbow's flexor and extensor muscles in a group of collegiate baseball pitchers (N = 25). Iso kinetic strength was assessed at 1.6, 3.7, and 5.2 rad\/ sec. Our findings indicate that the internal rotator muscles were always stronger than the external rotator muscles and that the concentric and eccentric external- to-internal strength ratios ranged from 62% to 81 %. The eccentric strength of the shoulder rotator muscles av eraged 114% that of concentric strength. The concen tric and eccentric elbow extension-to-flexion strength ratios ranged from 71 % to 110%; eccentric strength av eraged 33% higher than concentric strength. No differ ences were noted between dominant and nondominant limbs for any of the strength measures or ratios. Clini cally, the findings of this study can serve as a reference during the evaluation, rehabilitation, and conditioning of throwing athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"638-642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Eccentric and Concentric Strength of the Shoulder and Arm Musculature in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alan E.","family":"Mikesky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Wigglesworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanford","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics Indianapolis, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1986.7.4.163"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700115"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600604"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.8.9.451"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duda M. Prevention and treatment of throwing-arm injuries Physician Sportsmed 13(6) 181-186, 1985","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1985.11708821"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800210"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600314"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Ivey FM, Calhoun JH, Rusche K., et al Isokinetic testing of shoulder strength Normal values Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66 384-386, 1985"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200310"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100102"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"MacDougall JD , Wenger HA, Green HJ Physiological Testing of the High-Performance Athlete Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Books, 1991, pp 49-62"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"National Collegiate Athletic Association Baseball , 1989-1990 NCAA Injury Surveillance System Overland Park, KS, NCAA, 1991"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300402"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000606"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.9.6.217"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1992.15.4.175"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100111"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Wilk KE, Johnson RD, Levine B. A comparison of peak torque values of knee extension and flexor muscle groups using Biodex, Cybex, and Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometers (abstract) Phys Ther 67 789-790, 1987"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198023000-00016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354659502300520","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/036354659502300520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:37:56Z","timestamp":1777369076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/036354659502300520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/036354659502300520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354659502300520","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5465","1552-3365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5465","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}}}