{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:45:24Z","timestamp":1777387524757,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The proposed skiing injury mechanism that suggests a quadriceps muscle contraction can contribute to ante rior cruciate ligament rupture was biomechanically in vestigated. The effect of quadriceps muscle force on a knee specimen loaded to anterior cruciate ligament failure during anterior tibial translation was studied in a human cadaveric model. In both knees from six do nors, average age 41 years (range, 31 to 65), the joint capsule and ligaments, except the anterior cruciate ligament, were cut. The quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon, and menisci were left intact. One knee from each pair was randomly selected to undergo de structive testing of the anterior cruciate ligament by anterior tibial translation at a displacement rate of 30 mm\/sec with a simultaneously applied 889 N quadri ceps muscle force. The knee flexion during testing was 30\u00b0. As a control, the contralateral knee was loaded correspondingly, but only 5 N of quadriceps muscle force was applied. The ultimate load for the knee to anterior cruciate ligament failure when tested with 889 N quadriceps muscle force was 22% \u00b1 18% higher than that of knees tested with 5 N of force. The linear stiffness increased by 43% \u00b1 30%. These results did not support the speculation that a quadriceps muscle contraction contributes to anterior cruciate ligament failure. In this model, the quadriceps muscle force protected the anterior cruciate ligament from injury during anterior tibial translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1182458812000},"page":"187-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Quadriceps Muscle Contraction Protects the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During Anterior Tibial Translation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Arne K.","family":"Aune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Martina Hansens Hospital, Institute for Surgical Research, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick W.","family":"Cawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smith & Nephew Donjoy Inc., Carlsbad, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Ekeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martina Hansens Hospital, Institute for Surgical Research, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679508995538"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune AK, Schaff P., Nordsletten L. Contraction of knee flexors and extensors in alpine skiing related to the backward fall mechanism of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament Scand J Med Sci Sports 5 165-169, 1995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00031.x"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182976"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062020-00013"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang AL, Mote Cdj Translations and rotations across the knee under isometric quadriceps contraction , in Johnson RJ, Mote CDJ, Zelcer J (eds) Skiing Trauma and Safety: Ninth International Symposium, ASTM STP 1182 Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials , 1993, pp 62-74","DOI":"10.1520\/STP25561S"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Daniel DM, Stone ML: KT-1000 anterior-posterior displacement measurements, in Daniel DM, Akeson WH, O'Connor JJ (eds): Knee Ligaments Structure, Function, Injury and Repair New York, Raven Press, 1990, pp 427-447"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100050409"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300503"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feagin JA Jr, Lambert KL, Cunningham RR, et al: Consideration of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in skiing Clin Orthop 216 13-18, 1987","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198703000-00003"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000311"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800603"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Shealy JE Skier injury trends. 1972-1990, in Johnson RJ, Mote CDJ, Zelcer J (eds) Skiing Trauma and Safety: Ninth International Symposium, ASTM STP 1182 Philadelphia , American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993, pp 11-22","DOI":"10.1520\/STP25555S"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199305000-00014"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072040-00014"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"McConkey JP Mechanisms of knee ligament injuries in alpine skiing. Can J Sports Sci 12 163-169, 1987"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400213"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400114"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993615"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668010-00009"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200117"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuda K., Sasaki T. 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