{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:21:46Z","timestamp":1788380506286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the cost-effectiveness of nutrition programs, the anticipated nutritional benefits of each intervention must be expressed using a common metric.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present the methodology for estimating the benefits of vitamin A (VA)-related interventions among women and children in Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated \u201creach\u201d (proportion of the population that receives a program), \u201ccoverage\u201d (proportion that is deficient and receives a program), and \u201ceffective coverage\u201d (proportion that \u201cconverts\u201d from inadequate to adequate VA intake following an intervention) using dietary data collected during a national survey in 3 macro-regions of Cameroon (North, South, and Yaound\u00e9\/Douala). Effective coverage of programs such as (bio)fortification and micronutrient powders was estimated by adding the dietary VA contributed by the intervention to baseline VA intakes, including the contribution of increased maternal VA intake to infant VA intake through increases in breast milk VA. For interventions that provide VA-related benefits through other pathways (eg, periodic high-dose VA supplements and deworming), we developed alternative methods of estimating \u201cdaily VA intake equivalents.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline VA intakes and intervention reach varied by geographic macro-region. On average, estimates of program reach were greater than the effective coverage estimates by \u223c50%. Effective coverage varied by intervention package and macro-region, ranging from &lt;20 000 (deworming, Yaound\u00e9\/Douala) to &gt;400 000 (micronutrient powder or VA supplement, North) children effectively covered per year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These estimates of effective coverage, along with macro-region-specific information on the costs of each intervention package, serve as inputs into an economic optimization model to identify the most cost-effective package of VA interventions for each macro-region of Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115595888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T06:39:20Z","timestamp":1442558360000},"page":"S149-S171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Estimating the Effective Coverage of Programs to Control Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Consequences Among Women and Young Children in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Reina","family":"Engle-Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Nankap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex O.","family":"Ndjebayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Vosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"bibr2-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4"},{"key":"bibr3-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115599325"},{"key":"bibr4-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115598445"},{"key":"bibr5-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115595889"},{"key":"bibr6-0379572115595888","unstructured":"Helen Keller International Cameroun, Minist\u00e8re de la Sante Publique du Cameroun, UNICEF. National survey of micronutrient status and consumption of fortifiable foods. Yaound\u00e9: Helen Keller International; 2011."},{"key":"bibr7-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.148783"},{"key":"bibr8-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.179788"},{"key":"bibr9-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.195354"},{"key":"bibr10-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.2.601S"},{"key":"bibr11-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4063"},{"key":"bibr12-0379572115595888","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Usual dietary intakes: SAS macros for the NCI method. Web site. http:\/\/appliedresearch.cancer.gov\/diet\/usualintakes\/macros_single.html. Accessed August 6, 2012."},{"key":"bibr13-0379572115595888","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute, National Center for Health Statistics, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Module 18: Modeling usual intake using dietary recall data. Web site. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/tutorials\/dietary\/advanced\/index.htm. Accessed April 26, 2013."},{"key":"bibr14-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge","author":"Brown KH","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr15-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.5.909"},{"key":"bibr16-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.356"},{"key":"bibr17-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Using the Estimated Average Requirement for Nutrient Assessment of Groups. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment","author":"Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr18-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc","author":"Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr19-0379572115595888","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9conomie de la Planification et de l\u2019Am\u00e9nagement du Territoire, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, MEASURE DHS, ICF International. Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 et \u00e0 Indicateurs Multiples EDS-MICS, CAMEROUN 2011. Rapport Pr\u00e9liminaire. Institut National de la Statistique Yaound\u00e9, Cameroun: Institut National de la Statistique; 2011."},{"key":"bibr20-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.145805"},{"key":"bibr21-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S1"},{"key":"bibr22-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.804.18"},{"key":"bibr23-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Progress Brief #5: Vitamin A Maize","author":"Dhliwayo T","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr24-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501233f"},{"key":"bibr25-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Evaluation of Sugar Fortification with Vitamin A at the National Level","author":"Arroyave G","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr26-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1265"},{"key":"bibr27-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1112"},{"key":"bibr28-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Effect of Short-Term, Daily Supplementation with Beta-Carotene or Retinol on Plasma and Breast Milk Vitamin A Concentrations among Lactating Filipino Women","author":"Engle-Stone R","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr29-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Manual on Micronutrient Powder (MNPs) Composition","author":"Home Fortification Technical Advisory Group","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr30-0379572115595888","volume-title":"Guideline: Use of Multiple Micronutrient Powders for Home Fortification of Foods Consumed by Infants and Children 6-23 Months of Age","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr31-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2907S"},{"key":"bibr32-0379572115595888","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Vitamin A Deficiency and its Control","author":"Olson JA","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr33-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.681"},{"key":"bibr34-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.4.713"},{"key":"bibr35-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.125500"},{"key":"bibr36-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.165506"},{"key":"bibr37-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001553"},{"key":"bibr38-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-602"},{"key":"bibr39-0379572115595888","unstructured":"Global Atlas of Helminth Infections. Web site. www.thiswormyworld.org. Accessed March 3, 2014."},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr40-0379572115595888","first-page":"1456","volume":"78","author":"Brooker S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"bibr41-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001621"},{"key":"bibr42-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19720094"},{"key":"bibr43-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.12.1372"},{"key":"bibr44-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.2.313"},{"key":"bibr45-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930082"},{"key":"bibr46-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195171693.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr47-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000560"},{"key":"bibr48-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92111-7"},{"key":"bibr49-0379572115595888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.4.501"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0379572115595888","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0379572115595888","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0379572115595888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:18:05Z","timestamp":1777443485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0379572115595888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0379572115595888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0379572115595888","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}}}