{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:49:23Z","timestamp":1785210563963,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address vitamin A (VA) deficiency, an array of interventions have been developed for increasing VA status among young children. With numerous possible combinations of interventions, however, comes the need to take decisions regarding which intervention or combination of interventions is most cost effective for achieving VA deficiency reduction targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detailed intervention-specific, \u201cmacro-region\u201d-level data in Cameroon are used to generate estimates of the costs associated with delivering VA to children aged 6 to 59 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Cameroon, our estimates of costs per effectively-covered child (ie, children at risk of inadequate intake of VA who are exposed to an intervention and who achieve adequate intake) each year (2 rounds of Child Health Days [CHDs]) were US$3.31 for VA supplements. VA fortification of edible oil and bouillon cube was US$2.95 and US$2.41, respectively, per child effectively covered per year, and biofortification of maize was US$5.30 per child effectively covered per year. Combinations of interventions could reduce costs (eg, delivering additional interventions that affect VA status through the CHDs). Spatial differences in costs within Cameroon were also evident, for example, delivering high-dose VA capsules through CHDs leads to a cost of US$0.77 per child reached in the northern regions compared to US$1.40 per child reached in the southern regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The costs associated with alternative VA interventions in Cameroon differ spatially, temporally, and in their cost-effectiveness. Choosing the appropriate combination of interventions can produce a more efficient portfolio of interventions to address VA deficiencies and VA-related deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115598445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T06:39:20Z","timestamp":1442558360000},"page":"S172-S192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Measuring the Costs of Vitamin A Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Kagin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kagin\u2019s Consulting, Vacaville, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Vosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Engle-Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Rettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Nankap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ndjebayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0379572115598445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"bibr2-0379572115598445","volume-title":"Scaling up Nutrition: What Will it Cost?","author":"Horton S","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr3-0379572115598445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.148783"},{"key":"bibr4-0379572115598445","unstructured":"Helen Keller International Cameroon staff expert knowledge (co-authors Martin Nankap and Alex Ndjebayi)."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-0379572115598445","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"Boy E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Food Secur"},{"key":"bibr6-0379572115598445","volume-title":"National Nutrition Social and Behavior Change Communication Strategy July 2013 - July 2018","author":"The United Republic of Tanzania"},{"key":"bibr7-0379572115598445","unstructured":"C. I. o. M. Consultants, \u201cOfficial Terminology,\u201d 2005."},{"key":"bibr8-0379572115598445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/13691","volume-title":"A Cost Based Analysis of the Honduras Community-Based Integrated Child Care Program","author":"Fiedler JL","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr9-0379572115598445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115595888"},{"key":"bibr10-0379572115598445","unstructured":"World Food Program, \u201cSpecial Nutritional Products,\u201d [Online]. Web site. http:\/\/www.wfp.org\/nutrition\/special-nutritional-products. Accessed August 14, 2015."},{"key":"bibr11-0379572115598445","unstructured":"Helen Keller International. Cameroon, \u201cCMR Food Fortification - Global Budget Situation,\u201d Yaound\u00e9, 2012."},{"key":"bibr12-0379572115598445","unstructured":"Helen Keller International. Cameroon, \u201cIndustrial Assessment Cameroon,\u201d Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, 2009."},{"key":"bibr13-0379572115598445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.195354"},{"key":"bibr14-0379572115598445","unstructured":"Harvestplus, \u201cVitamin A Maize,\u201d [Online]. Web site. http:\/\/www.harvestplus.org\/content\/vitamin-maize. Accessed August 14, 2015."},{"key":"bibr15-0379572115598445","unstructured":"Harvestplus, \u201cVitamin A Sweet Potatoe,\u201d [Online]. Web site. http:\/\/www.harvestplus.org\/content\/vitamin-sweet-potato. 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