{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:07:15Z","timestamp":1777640835865,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anemia remains a public health problem in Rwanda, affecting 38% of young children and 17% of reproductive-aged women (Demographic and Health Survey [DHS] 2010). The importance of iron deficiency (ID) as a cause of anemia in Rwanda is not known.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to estimate the prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among young children and women in 2 provinces of Rwanda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cluster randomized survey, selecting 408 rural households each in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda in 2010. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt;110 g\/L in children and &lt;120 g\/L in nonpregnant women after correction for altitude. We defined ID as (1) serum transferrin receptor (TfR) &gt;8.3 mg\/L or (2) serum ferritin (SF) &lt;12 \u03bcg\/L in children and &lt;15 \u03bcg\/L in nonpregnant women after correction for inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of anemia was 30.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.4-35.8) in children (n = 577) and 11.2% (95% CI, 8.4-14.7) in women (n = 595). The prevalence of ID in children was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.8-5.1) as defined by high TfR and 5.9% (95% CI, 4.0-8.4) as defined by low SF. Similarly, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.8-4.8) of women had high TfR and 4.8% (95% CI, 3.2-7.2) had low SF. The prevalence of IDA (low SF with concurrent anemia) ranged from 1.4% (95% CI, 0.5-3.6) among women in the North to 5.6% (95% CI, 3.1-10.0) among children in the South.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ID is likely not an important contributor to anemia in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda. This finding warrants further investigation into other causes of anemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572117723134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1503375484000},"page":"554-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in the Northern and Southern Provinces of Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Moira","family":"Donahue Angel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HarvestPlus c\/o International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HealthBridge Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendra","family":"Siekmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HealthBridge Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierrot Lundimu","family":"Tugirimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Kigali CHUK, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Boy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HarvestPlus c\/o International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0379572117723134","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors","author":"Stoltzfus RJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325"},{"key":"bibr3-0379572117723134","volume-title":"The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in","volume":"2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr4-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9"},{"key":"bibr5-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5"},{"key":"bibr6-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"bibr7-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"bibr8-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010215"},{"key":"bibr9-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"2014","author":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), Ministry of Health (MOH) [Rwanda], ICF International","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr10-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"2005","author":"Institut National de la Statistique du Rwanda (INSR) and ORC Macro","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr11-0379572117723134","volume-title":"National Nutrition Policy","author":"Ministry of Health R of R","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr12-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000517"},{"key":"bibr13-0379572117723134","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers\n                      . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001."},{"key":"bibr14-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Including Literature Reviews: Report of a Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level","author":"World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr15-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3127"},{"issue":"22","key":"bibr16-0379572117723134","first-page":"400","volume":"38","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1989","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr17-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29284"},{"key":"bibr18-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3071"},{"key":"bibr19-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Survey Data Reference Manual: Release","volume":"13","author":"StataCorp","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr20-0379572117723134","volume-title":"La Situation Nutritionnelle et infections parasitaires chez les Enfants de l\u2019ecole primaire au Rwanda","author":"Dushimimana A","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-0379572117723134","first-page":"416","volume":"21","author":"Merrill RD","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr22-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020098"},{"key":"bibr23-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040197"},{"key":"bibr24-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/096914106778440626"},{"key":"bibr25-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.09.002"},{"key":"bibr26-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Rwanda: Nutrition Profile","author":"US Agency for International Development","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr27-0379572117723134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60574-2"},{"key":"bibr28-0379572117723134","volume-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report","volume":"2015","author":"UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Food and Nutrition Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0379572117723134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0379572117723134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0379572117723134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:18:30Z","timestamp":1777443510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0379572117723134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0379572117723134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0379572117723134","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-5721","1564-8265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-5721","type":"print"},{"value":"1564-8265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]}}}