{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T11:19:11Z","timestamp":1782040751285,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vysnova","award":["SC-2017-3035-009-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC-2017-3035-009-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Nutr Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tanzania aimed to reduce micronutrient deficiencies and neural tube defects by introducing mandatory fortification of large-scale packaged wheat and maize flour but not for small- and medium-scale mills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ascertain the proportion of the population in Morogoro region, Tanzania, that consumes packaged maize flour from small-, medium- and large-mills; and understand the impact of monthly apparent purchase and consumption of packaged flour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2018, a regional, multistage cluster probability study was conducted among residents in Morogoro region living in households that reported consuming maize flour. Interviews collected information on sociodemographic factors and patterns of household flour consumption. Weighted medians estimated daily apparent flour consumption and the estimated average requirement (EAR), according to age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information was collected on 711 households. Packaged maize flour was purchased 10\u201312 months of the year by 22.9% of households, 6\u20139 months by 17.6% of households, 1\u20135 months by 25.1% of households, and 34.4% did not purchased maize flour. Median apparent daily consumption of maize flour was 209.7 g\/d\/adult male equivalent (AME). Apparent median daily consumption of maize flour was 230.1 g\/d\/AME in rural areas and 176.2 g\/d\/AME in urban areas; 228.7 g\/d\/AME among males and 196.4 g\/d\/AME among females. If all packaged maize flour were fortified according to standards, those consuming packaged maize flour 10\u201312 months of the year would apparently consume 199.9 \u00b5g folic acid\/d representing 49.7% of daily EAR requirements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fortifying packaged maize flour at small-, medium- and large-mills is a promising strategy for increasing access to micronutrients, including folic acid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03795721231161395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T03:11:43Z","timestamp":1680664303000},"page":"126-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coverage, Apparent Consumption, and Monthly Use of Packaged Maize Flour in Morogoro Region, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Teachout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwao Omari","family":"Gwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Kawiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2502-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Assey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Brooks-Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SANKU, Project Healthy Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Wanlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SANKU, Project Healthy Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"August","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Razzaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogath","family":"Kishimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania Emily Teachout and Jorge Rosenthal are co-first authors."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03795721231161395","volume-title":"The Micronutrient Report: Current Progress and Trends in the Control of Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine, Zinc","author":"Mason JB","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr2-03795721231161395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S117"},{"key":"bibr3-03795721231161395","volume-title":"Tanzania 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