{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T05:08:57Z","timestamp":1777784937863,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The control of prostheses and their complexities is one of the greatest challenges limiting wide amputees\u2019 use of upper limb prostheses. The main challenges include the difficulty of extracting signals for controlling the prostheses, limited number of degrees of freedom (DoF), and cost-prohibitive for complex controlling systems. In this study, a real-time hybrid control system, based on electromyography (EMG) and voice commands (VC) is designed to render the prosthesis more dexterous with the ability to accomplish amputee\u2019s daily activities proficiently. The voice and EMG systems were combined in three proposed hybrid strategies, each strategy had different number of movements depending on the combination protocol between voice and EMG control systems. Furthermore, the designed control system might serve a large number of amputees with different amputation levels, and since it has a reasonable cost and be easy to use. The performance of the proposed control system, based on hybrid strategies, was tested by intact-limbed and amputee participants for controlling the HANDi hand. The results showed that the proposed hybrid control system was robust, feasible, with an accuracy of 94%, 98%, and 99% for Strategies 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It was possible to specify the grip force applied to the prosthetic hand within three gripping forces. The amputees participated in this study preferred combination Strategy 3 where the voice and EMG are working concurrently, with an accuracy of 99%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398820976656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T12:51:53Z","timestamp":1607604713000},"page":"509-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improved hand prostheses control for transradial amputees based on hybrid of voice recognition and electromyography"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer Saad","family":"Alkhafaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry College, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mousa K","family":"Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali H","family":"Al-Timemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082402"},{"key":"bibr2-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2445634"},{"key":"bibr3-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2014.00024"},{"key":"bibr4-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/5\/002"},{"key":"bibr5-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2015.40"},{"key":"bibr6-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00116"},{"key":"bibr7-0391398820976656","first-page":"3035","volume-title":"Proceedings of 29th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society","author":"Mainardi E"},{"key":"bibr8-0391398820976656","first-page":"198","volume":"30","author":"Gundogdu K","year":"2018","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci"},{"key":"bibr9-0391398820976656","first-page":"1136","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics","author":"Kawasaki H"},{"key":"bibr10-0391398820976656","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 35th central American and panama convention, CONCAPAN 2015","author":"Fajardo J"},{"key":"bibr11-0391398820976656","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of myoelectric controls symposium (MCE17)","author":"Brenneis DJA"},{"key":"bibr12-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computation7010012."},{"key":"bibr13-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359146.359152"},{"key":"bibr14-0391398820976656","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ark016"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0391398820976656","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0391398820976656","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0391398820976656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:42:22Z","timestamp":1777491742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0391398820976656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0391398820976656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0391398820976656","relation":{},"ISSN":["0391-3988","1724-6040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0391-3988","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6040","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]}}}