{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T05:01:56Z","timestamp":1777784516228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Several studies have reported that patients with low levels of Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      have impaired responses to vaccination, including COVID-19 vaccines, so we reviewed the response to COVID-19 vaccination in haemodialysis patients, who typically have reduced Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inhibitory antibody (IC50) responses to several COVID-19 variants following vaccination in a cohort of United Kingdom haemodialysis patients receiving two vaccinations between March 2021 and May 2021 were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 183 haemodialysis patients, 65.5% male, mean age 65.6\u2009\u00b1\u200914.1\u2009years, 46.4% diabetic, 42.1% white ethnicity, body mass index 26.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      dialysis vintage 36.2 (18.3\u201369.3) months were studied. Following the first vaccination, the median IgG microneutralisation IC50 response was undetectable for all variants (wild-type, alpha, beta and delta). Follow-up after the second vaccination showed that the microneutralisation response to all variants increased and was greater for the wild-type variant compared to alpha, beta and delta, all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, There were no differences comparing the IC50 responses according to 25-Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels, and the prescription of activated Vitamin D. Although patients who had previously tested positive for COVID-19 prescribed higher doses of alfacalcidol had higher seroprotection responses to the alpha (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200915, p\u2009=\u20090.002) and beta variants. (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200913, p\u2009=\u20090.005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The response to COVID-19 vaccination was reduced in our elderly haemodialysis patients compared to younger less frail patients, however there was no overall demonstrable effect of either 25-Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels or the prescription of activated forms of Vitamin D on the immune response following vaccination against COVID-19, unless patients had previously tested positive for COVID-19.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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