{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:04:16Z","timestamp":1789621456455,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"chongqing municipal education commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202300134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202300134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Shapingba District Science and Health Joint Medical Research Key Project","award":["2024SQKWLHZD005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SQKWLHZD005"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Pharmaceutical Vocational Education Group Teaching and Research Project","award":["C0ZJ202318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C0ZJ202318"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Natural Science Foundation","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-ZDJ0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-ZDJ0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies suggest that immune abnormalities play a significant role in the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS), yet reliable targets and biomarkers for immune intervention remain unidentified. The aim of this study was to explore the immune key targets and biomarkers that are crucial in IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) data were integrated to analyze the immune microenvironment in IC\/BPS. scRNA-seq data (GSE164557) were processed with the Seurat package, while bulk RNA-seq data (GSE11783, GSE11839, GSE28242, GSE57560) were batch-corrected using limma. Differential expression analysis was performed with limma, and immune cell infiltration was assessed through CIBERSORT. A binary classification machine learning model was built using 14 algorithms to identify key genes. Functional enrichment and gene regulatory networks were analyzed using GSEA, ORA, and pySCENIC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings revealed substantial dysregulation of immune cell homeostasis in IC\/BPS patients, characterized by aberrant macrophage polarization and T cell subset dysregulation. MMP9 has been identified as a key gene that is highly expressed in IC\/BPS, particularly in macrophages. Functional annotation showed that MMP9 expression is positively correlated with the enrichment of immune pathways such as leukocyte activation and phagocytosis, and single-cell analysis demonstrated enhanced phagocytic activity in MMP9+ macrophages. Additionally, potential MMP9-targeting drugs, including teriflunomide, captopril, minocycline, and ilomastat, were identified through CMap database screening and molecular docking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights MMP9 as a key macrophage biomarker in IC\/BPS, where its elevated expression is closely linked to enhanced phagocytic activity and the activation of immune-related signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603261440236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:50:15Z","timestamp":1777020615000},"page":"505-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MMP9 in macrophages: A pivotal biomarker associated with immune dysregulation in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Xingyou","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000001589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314594"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Pathology and terminology of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: a review","volume":"34","author":"Akiyama Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akiyama Y, Homma Y, Maeda D. 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